ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 769 



animal iuto auy number of pieces. Each of these, as Eichhorn has already 

 observed, becomes a complete animal in a few hours. Greef has carried 

 artificial multijilication very much further. He divided a single examj^le 

 into twenty to thirty fragments which soon sent out rounded pseudopodia, 

 became differentiated into ecto- and endosarc, and finally completely 

 resembled young individuals which had been produced naturally. But 

 this change was effected in those fragments only which contained at least 

 one nucleus ; those without nuclei, or isolated nuclei died down. A uni- 

 nuclear individual represents a simple naked cell which contains all the 

 essential constituents of the Actinosphaerium-body, and is capable of 

 further development and of growth into a multicellular organism." Prof. 

 Gruber points out that this observation confirms the experiments of 

 Nussbaum and himself, and he takes the opportunity of remarking that in 

 what appears to be an Actinoplirys, he has lately observed apparently com- 

 plete and active individuals which had no nucleus. A more or less long 

 existence without a nucleus is therefore possible, but he believes that new 

 formations never arise unless one is present. 



Researches on Lower Organisms.* — M. P. A. Dangeard gives an 

 account of a new species of Heteroplirys, H. dispersa, which appears to be 

 intermediate between the Nuclearia and the Heliozoa chlamydophora. It 

 has often a green colour from feeding on substances which contain 

 chlorophyll. Division, which has never before been seen in this genus, is 

 very simple, ruptures being gradually effected along a broken line ; encys- 

 tation has also been observed. This new form diff'ers from H, varians 

 only by having a single nucleus. 



The author has made a study of Actinophrys Sol and thinks that it 

 shows distinctly the affinities of the Heliozoa with Vampyrella, Nuclearia, 

 and Heterophrys. 



After treating of Pseiidospora, the author forms a new genus Barhetia 

 for Pseudospora volvocis Cnk. ; its systematic position is near Heteromita. 

 Among the Vampyrellse we find the description of a new species, F. Eu- 

 glense ; it varies from 5 or 6 /a to 25 or 30 /x in length, its form is irregular, 

 but most often spherical, and as a rule only one sjiecimen is found on a 

 Euglena. 



The author justifies the inclusion of all the forms just mentioned in the 

 animal kingdom, judging that the presence of cellulose in Vampyrella and 

 Pseudospora cannot outbalance the evidence afforded by the mode of 

 nutrition, of locomotion, of reproduction, and of encystation. 



Structure of Gregarines."!" — Herr Z. v. Eoboz describes the structure 

 and history of a new Gregarine of an orange colour which he found at 

 Villefranche in Salpa hicaudata, and names Gregarina fiava. In conjuga- 

 tion the united mass measured over 2 • 5 mm. The solitary young forms, 

 the conjugated jiair, and the spore-forming cysts are described. The three 

 divisions of the body (ejDimerite, protomerite, and deutomerite) are regarded 

 as distinctly separate chambers. The movements are described and 

 referred to a cortical muscular layer, consisting of longitudinal and 

 transverse fibres which the author was able to isolate. The cuticle is 

 penetrated by fine pores. The partitions between the different j)arts are 

 formed by a continuation inwards of the cuticle, and not from Schneider's 

 sarcocyte. The sarcocyte and entocyte weie readily distingxiishable, the 

 latter containing the yellow oil-globules which gave the animal its colour. 



* Ann. Sci. Nat.— Bot., iv. (1886) pp. 241-75 (2 pis.). 



t Math. u. Naturw. Ber. aus Ungarn, iv. (1886) pp. 146-7. 



