ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY^ MICKOSCOPY, ETC. 103 



throngli brown to black. After remaining for some time at rest 

 they produce smooth oval spores with a brownish-red nucleus, which 

 germinates, reproducing the cycle of generations. 



Entomophthorese* — L. Nowakowsld gives the following as the 

 chief results of a fresh examination of this class of fungi : — 



The resting-spores of Entomophthora ovisjpora, curvispora, and 

 conica n. sp., are true zygospores, the product of an undoubted act of 

 conjugation. 



In the formation of the resting-spores (azygospores) of E. radicans, 

 a transition is seen from sexual to the non-sexual reproduction of the 

 other Entomophthorete. 



In Empusa Grylli (EntomophtJiora Grijlli Fr,), on Culex pipiens, 

 C. annulatus, and GompJiocerus higiittulus, the resting-spores are formed 

 non-sexually, the protoplasm escaping from the cells of the mycelium 

 and becoming encysted. The young resting-spore is then separated 

 by a septum from the empty mother-cell, the cell-wall of which 

 becomes rapidly absorbed. Eesting-spores formed in the autumn 

 germinated the following spring. The endospore bursts through the 

 outer layer and lengthens into a septated hypha, which detaches 

 with violence a conidium from its apex. 



A columella similar to that of Pildbolus and of Completoria com- 

 plens occurs also in the following species : — EntomopTitliora ovispora, 

 curvispora, conica, aphidis, radicans, and Empusa Grylli, but is wanting 

 in Empusa Freseniana, n. sp., parasitic on various aphides, and in 

 Lamia (^Empusa) culicis. 



The author considers the Entomophthoreae to belong to the 

 Zygomycetes, and divides them into three genera: — 1. EntomophtJiora, 

 conjugation evident or obscure. 2. Empusa, conidia-bearing hyphte 

 unbranched, resting-spores formed as described above in E. Grylli. 

 3. Lamia, conidia-bearing hyphee unbranched; mycelium filiform, 

 with organs of attachment ; resting-spores formed in the apex of the 

 hyphse, like the conidia, but the conidia are larger and spherical. 



The warty opaque walls of the resting-spores of Tarichium differ 

 from those of the other Entomophthoreee, hence its true position is at 

 present doubtful, especially as its conidia are still unknown. 



EntomophtJiora rimosa Sorokin is identical with Empusa culicis A. Br. 

 and possibly his E. conglomerata with E. Gi-ylli Fr. 



Completoria complens, described by Leitgeb f as parasitic on the 

 prothallia of ferns, probably belongs to this group. 



Influence of Acids on Fermentation and on the Development of 

 Torula.t — M. Hay duck finds that different acids have a very different 

 effect on the production of Torula, and that their influence on the 

 process of fermentation is not always in proportion to this. A 

 smaller quantity generally hinders the production of Torula than its 



* SB. Akad. Wiss. Krakau, March 20, 1882. See Bot. Ztg., si. (1882) 

 p. 560. 



t See this Journal, ii. (1882) p. 377. 



t Zeitschr. f. Spiritusindustrie, iv. (1881) p. 341. 



