ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY, MICROSCOPY, ETC. 239 



The development of crystalline plastids resembles in general terms 

 that of true crystals, especially the freezing of a drop of water, but is 

 much slower in fully developing. The author believes that this is 

 due to a true process of crystallization, and that plastids are examples 

 — the only ones at present known — of crystals composed of vitally 

 active protoplasm. 



In a paper on the same subject, A. Meyer * proposes a somewhat 

 different terminology. To the minute bodies termed plastids by 

 Schimper, from which chlorophyll-grains, pigment-bodies, or colourless 

 substances are eventually developed, he applies the term Anaplasts. 

 The starch-generators are anaplasts in which starch-grains are 

 developed. The pigment-bodies he proposes to call Ghromoplasts, the 

 chlorophyll-grains Autoplasts. And since anaplasts, chromoplasts, and 

 autoplasts are all nearly related in structure and origin, he includes 

 them in the common term Trophoplasts. 



In angiosperms the multiplication of trophoplasts appears always 

 to take place by division. This is especially the case with autoplasts, 

 which are never formed directly out of protoplasm. It would appear 

 that every living cell must contain trophoplasts, which have been found 

 in sieve-tubes and in sclerenchymatous, parenchymatous, and epi- 

 dermal cells. No resorption of the trophoplasts ever takes place ; 

 they develope into anaplasts, chromoplasts, or autoplasts. They 

 perish only when the cell itself dies. 



Honey-glands of Cruciferae.t — J. Velenovsky does not agree with 

 the proposal to use the position of the honey-glands in Cruciferee as a 

 primary character for the classification of the genera. It is, however, 

 of secondary use, since the form of the honey-glands corresponds not 

 only with the form and nature of the fruit, but also with the habits of 

 the plant. It corresponds also with the form and structure of the 

 flower, since the honey-glands are emergences from the receptacle, 

 and are entirely dependent on the form, size, and structure of the parts 

 of the flower. Their development depends especially on the suppres- 

 sion or otherwise of any of the stamens; those connected with the 

 shorter stamens are always present. The author found no species 

 from which honey-glands are entirely absent. 



Organs intermediate between Root and Leaves.J — D. Clos pro- 

 poses the term " phyllorhize " for organs intermediate between root 

 and stem, which cannot be brought under any morphological scheme, 

 such as the finely divided so-called " leaves " of many water-plants. 

 They pass over into true leaves either suddenly, as in Trapa, Salvinia, 

 and Azolla, or gradually, as in LimnopMla, Myriophyllum, and Elatine. 

 The submerged vegetative parts of Utricularia combine the characters 

 of root, stem, and leaf. The pitchers of Utricularia, Nepenthes, CepJia- 

 lotus, and DiscTiidia are not, according to the author, metamorphosed 

 leaves or hairs, but independent morphological structures. 



* Bot. Centralbl., xii. (1882) pp. 314-7. 



t On the Honey-glands in Cruciferse (in Magyar) ; Prague, 1882. See Bot. 

 Centralbl., xii. (1882) p. 264. 



X Mem. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, 1882 (1 pi.). See Bot. Centralbl., xii. (1882) 

 p. 293. 



