14 THE CUBA REVIEW 



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of the firm of Warner & Swasey, of Cleveland. Ohio, who have made some of the largest 

 refractors in the world. The lens of the equatorial telescope has a diameter of 254 

 millimeters (10^ inches), calculated by Dr. Hastings, of New Haven, and ground by 

 the well-known firm of Brashear from blocks of crystal obtained in Germany. 



The total height of the apparatus, when the telescope is turned toward the North 

 Pole, is 3.75 meters. The length of the tube, without attachments, is about 4 meters. 

 The telescope is provided with verniers, electric-light bulbs, and single microscopes. The 

 clock fits into the second base, which is about 1 meter in height. The finder is luminous, 

 and has an objective of about 90 millimeters (3>.^ inches). 



The equatorial telescope is equipped with an adjustable micrometer, a photometer, 

 a spectroscope used in the study of solar protuberances, a polarizing helioscope, and 

 other minor accessories. Upon the telescope tube is mounted a photographic camera, of 

 the Astro-Petzval type, having an objective of 160 millimeters (6.3 inches). 



— BulletiJi of the Pan-American Union. 



The Spaniards of the Island of Cuba 



By Edwin F. Atkins 



During the insurrection of 1805 which preceded the Spanish-American War, the 

 Spanish population, which constituted a large percentage of the whole, were loyal to 

 their government, and naturally incurred the enmity of the Cubans who were tryi.ng 

 to throw off the Spanish yoke. 



When the Treaty of Paris was made in 1898 this became one of the problems, and 

 the Treaty which guaranteed protection to all in Cuba, had particularly in mind the 

 protection of the Spanish residents, for President McKinley fully realized that the 

 future welfare of the Island was largely dependent upon the industry, as well as the 

 wealth of this Spanish population, while at the same time he wished to induce investment 

 of American capital in Cuba. 



Previous to 1895 the so-called native or Cuban population were largely agricultural, 

 the higher and educated classes being planters. During the years of slavery this 

 class of the population had not been educated in business habits, and few were fitted 

 for traders, merchants or bankers, while the Spaniards had come to the Island as 

 poor boys, and had made their way by the hardest work, until during the hard times 

 following the abolition of slavery, they had acquired very much of the property interests 

 of the Island. 



After the war, when prosperity gradually returned, the country people, mostly 

 Cubans, slowly accumulated very considerable property, largely through cane planting, 

 while the Spaniards developed as traders, merchants and bankers. These Spaniards 

 were also the importers of food stuffs and supplies. Every little community had its Spanish 

 factors (bodegueros), who supplied the farming class with its provisions, and to a great 

 extent with advances against their crops. They secured their requirements from the 

 Spanish importing houses who, in turn secured foods and credits from the exporters in 

 the United States. Thus it will be seen that the rapid recovery of the Island after the 

 Reciprocity Treaty with the United States was due to all three of these classes, 

 neither the American nor the Spaniard could have accomplished this alone; neither could 

 the Cuban agricultural classes. 



As a foundation of this confidence on the part of all, was the Piatt Amendment, by 

 which the Government of Cuba consented "that the United States might exercise the 

 right to intervene for the preservation of Cuban independence and the maintenance of a 

 government adequate for the protection of life, property and individual liberty." There 

 was also a provision that the Cuban government should "not assume or contract any 

 public debt, to pay the interest upon which, and to make reasonable sinking-fund 

 provisions for the ultimate discharge of which, the ordinary revenues of the Island after 

 defraying the current expenses of government, shall be inadequate." 



No obligations in the way of indebtedness can be incurred by Cuba without the 

 consent of the United States government. 



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