SCIENCE 



Editoeial Committeb : S. Newcomb, Mathematics ; E. S. Woodwaed, Mechanics ; E. C. Pickeeing, 



Astronomy; T. C. Mendenhall, Physics; E. H. Thueston, Engineering; Iea Eemsen, Chemistry; 



J. Le Conte, Geology; "W. M. Davis, Physiography; O. C. Maesh, Paleontology; W. K. Beooks, 



C. Haet Meeeiam, Zoology; S. H. Scudder, Entomology; C. E. Bessey, N. L. Beitton, 



Botany; Heney F. Osboen, General Biology; C. S. Mikot, Embryology, Histology; 



H. P. BowDiTCH, Physiology; J. S. Billings, Hygiene ; J. McKeen Cattell, 



Psychology; Daniel 6. Beinton, J. W. Powell, Anthropology. 



Feidat, August 19, 1898. 



CONTENTS: 



Doctorates Conferred iy American Universities for 

 Scientific Research 197 



Tlie Beginnings of Laboratory Teaching in America : 

 Peofessoe Feank p. Whitman 201 



Hydraulic Illustration of the Wheatestone Bridge: 

 Peofessoe William Hallock 206 



The Echelon Spectroscope : De. C. Eiboeg Mann..208 



The Belation of Science Educatio7i in the Secondary 

 Schools to that in the College and the University : 

 Peofessoe Paul C. Feeee 210 



Lacoe Collection in the National Museum 213 



A New Name for the Georgia Old Field Mouse : 

 Outeam Bangs 214 



Botanical Notes : — 

 Seeds and Very Loxo Temperatures ; The Scientific 

 Work in the Department of Agriculture ; Botan- 

 ical Papers in the NebrasJca Academy of Sciences ; 

 The Ovary of Opuniia: PEOFESSOE Chaeles 

 E. Bessey 215 



Ou/rrent Notes on Anthropology : — 



On Pygmy Paces; Unsolved Problems of Anthro- 

 pology ; Aiout the Bitlites: Peofessoe D. G. 

 Beinton 217 



Scientific Notes and News 218 



University and Educational News 223 



Discussion and Correspondence : — 



Observations on Blue Jays: De. Hieam M. 

 Stanley 223 



Scientific Literature: — 



3Iilhaud's La certitude logique and Le rational : 

 Peofessoe J. H. Hyslop. Duss on the Flore 

 phanerogamique des Antilles FranQaises 224 



Scientific Journals 225 



Societies and Academies : — 



The American Association for the Advancement of 

 Science 226 



MSS. intended for publication and books, etc., intended 

 for review should be sent to the responsible editor. Profes- 

 sor J. McKeen Cattell, Garrlson-on-Hudson, N. Y. 



DOCTORATES CONFERRED BY AMERICAN 

 UNIVERSITIES FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. 



The development of the American uni- 

 versity during the past twenty-five years 

 may perhaps be regarded as the great 

 achievement of the nation. The founda- 

 tions laid at Harvard and at Johns Hopkins 

 within the life-time of those students now 

 profiting from them have been built upon, 

 until we have now a score of universities, 

 as places for research, equal to Oxford, and 

 half a dozen rivalling those of Germany. 

 The American college, though founded 

 upon the English system, was of native 

 growth, and the university based upon 

 this college, though influenced by Ger- 

 man methods, is distinctly national, while, 

 at the same time, our dififerent institu- 

 tions show a marked individuality. The 

 American university is definitely a place 

 for research, where both teachers and stu- 

 dents are engaged in research or in learn- 

 ing the methods of research. The results 

 of the work of the students is in large 

 measure summarized by the theses for the 

 doctorate, and it is interesting to know 

 what is the outcome of the past year's re- 

 search , 



It appears, from a somewhat careful en- 

 quiry, that eighteen leading universities 

 conferred the Ph. D. degree on 234 candi- 

 dates. The degree was not given last year by 

 Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Texas, Colorado, 

 Missouri, Tulane or the CatholicUniversity 



