536 



SCIENCE. 



LN. S, Vol. VIII. No. 199. 



Physiologische Psyehologie in 1S74. Lotze and 

 Wundt were doctors of medicine; Fechner 

 was a professor of physics ; they were all 

 deeply interested in philosophy. Psychol- 

 ogy, as pursued to-day, is deeply indebted to 

 these three, perhaps chiefly to Wundt, who, 

 continuing his services, founded in 1879 

 the first laboratory of psychology, and es- 

 tablished in 1883 a journal for the publica- 

 tion of its investigations. Following and 

 leading this psychological movement we 

 find in Germany men such as Stumpf, 

 Lipps, Ziehen, Miiller, Ebbinghaus and 

 many more. One of them — Miinsterberg — 

 has come to us, while Hoffding, of Denmark, 

 may be included in the same group. Physi- 

 ologists, such as Hering, Aubert, Preyer, 

 Flechsig, Exner and von Kries, and physi- 

 cists, such as von Helmholtz, Mach and 

 Konig, may reasonably be claimed, in part 

 at least, for psychology. 



In France a philosopher, as Cousin, or a 

 man of letters, as Taine, may have accom- 

 plished somewhat, but modern writers and 

 workers, as Ribot and Binet, have been 

 largely influenced by Germany. France 

 has, however, made two independent con- 

 tributions of importance, though in both 

 cases chaff has been mixed with the grain. 

 These are, on the one hand, abnormal and 

 pathological psychology and, on the other 

 hand, individual and social psychology. 

 In Italy the names of Lombroso and Mosso 

 remind us of work in criminology and in 

 physiology that has become important for 

 psychology, as is also the case with the his- 

 tological work of the Spaniard, Ramon y 

 Cajal. In Russia performance waits on 

 promise. 



Great Britain has developed a modern 

 psychology without breaking with its tradi- 

 tions. It has always been a land of great 

 individuals, and Locke, Berkeley and 

 Hume have found worthy successors in 

 Bain, Ward and Stout, to mention only 

 three living psychologists belonging to 



three different generations. Darwin, Hux- 

 ley and Spencer, while establishing the 

 theory of evolution, gave mind its due 

 place, Spencer having concerned himself 

 especially with mental and social evolution. 

 Romanes and Lloyd Morgan have directed 

 attention to the study of animal intelli- 

 gence, while Galton's contributions to an- 

 thropometry and heredity have exhibited 

 great originality. Experimental psychol- 

 ogy has not made much headway in Great 

 Britain. They have let us take from them 

 Titchener ; so he must count for America. 

 The first laboratory, at Cambridge, was 

 founded by me, and maintains a humble 

 existence. Within a year a laboratory has 

 been founded at University College, Lon- 

 don, and Oxford has at least awakened to 

 the existence of experimental psychology 

 to the extent of decreeing this summer that 

 it shall not be taught under a newly estab- 

 lished lectureship of mental philosophy. 



This American Association is naturally 

 most concerned with what has been accom- 

 plished for psychology in America. The 

 history of psychology here prior to 1880 

 could be set forth as briefly as the alleged 

 chapter on snakes in a natural history of 

 Iceland — " There are no snakes in Ice- 

 land." The eminence of the theologian 

 Jonathan Edwards is witness to the lack of 

 any psychologist. We had only text-books 

 by college presidents setting forth Scottish 

 realism. Porter, of Yale, gave us the best 

 of these books, but McCosh, of Princeton, 

 performed a greater service by placing the 

 aegis of theological conservatism over both 

 organic evolution and experimental psy- 

 chology. 



But the land lay fallow and twenty years 

 ago the seed was sown. James, at Harvard, 

 began the publication of a series of striking 

 articles, culminating in the issue, in 1890, of 

 The Princijiles of PsycJiology, a work of genius 

 such as is rare in any science or in any 

 country. Hall, in 1883, established in the 



