396 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XVIII. No. 4.50. 



the giving up of the idea of relying upon 

 private effort. 



That we lose most where the State does 

 least is known to Mr. Chamberlain, for in 

 his speech, to which I have referred, on the 

 University of Birmingham, he said: "As 

 the importance of the aim we are pursuing 

 becomes more and more impressed upon the 

 minds of the people, we may find that we 

 shall be more generously treated by the 

 State. ' ' 



Later still, on the occasion of a visit to 

 University College School, Mr. Chamber- 

 lain spoke as follows : 



' ' When we are spending, as we are, many ' 

 millions— I think it is 13,000,000J. — a year 

 on primary education, it certainly seems as 

 if we might add a little more, even a few 

 tens of thousands, to what we give to Uni- 

 versity and secondary education" {Times, 

 November 6, 1902). 



To compete on equal grounds with other 

 nations we must have more universities. 

 But this is not all— we want a far better 

 endowment of all the existing ones, not for- 

 getting better opportunities for research on 

 the part of both professors and students. 

 Another crying need is that of more pro- 

 fessors and better pay. Another is the re- 

 duction of fees ; they should be reduced to 

 the level in those countries which are com- 

 peting with us, to say, one-fifth of their 

 present rates, so as to enable m_ore students 

 in the secondary and technical schools to 

 complete their education. 



In all these ways, facilities would be af- 

 forded for providing the Ijighest instruc- 

 tion to a much greater number of students. 

 At present there are almost as many pro- 

 fessors and instructors in the universities 

 and colleges of the United States as there 

 are day students in the universities and col- 

 leges of the United Kingdom. 



Men of science, our leaders of industry, 

 and the chiefs of our political parties all 

 agree that our present want of higher edu- 



cation—in other words, pi-operly equipped 

 universities — is heavily handicapping us in 

 the present race for commercial supremacy, 

 because it provides a relatively inferior 

 brain-power which is leading to a relatively 

 reduced national income. 



The facts show that in this country we 

 can not depend upon private effort to put 

 matters right. How about local effort? 



Anyone who studies the statistics of mod- 

 ern municipalities will see that it is im- 

 possible for them to raise rates for the 

 bixilding and upkeep of universities. 



The buildings of the most modern uni- 

 versity in Germany have cost a million. 

 For upkeep the yearly sums found, chiefly 

 by the State, for German universities of 

 different grades, taking the incomes of 

 seven out of the twenty-two universities 

 as examples, are : 



£ 

 1st Class Berlin 130,000 



2nd Class . . / ^°°" I. 56,000 



I. Gottingen j ' 



3rcl Class i Konigsberg \ ^q 



\ Strassburg ( ' 



4th Class I Heidelberg 1 ^0^ 



\ Marburg / ' 



Thus if Leeds, which is to have a uni- 

 versity, is contene with the 4th class Ger- 

 man standard, a rate must be levied of Id. 

 in the pound for yearly expenses, independ- 

 ent of all buildings. But the facts are that 

 our towns are already at the breaking 

 strain. During the last fifty years, in spite 

 of enormous increases in rateable values, 

 the rates have gone up from about 2s. to 

 about 7s. in the pound for real local pur- 

 poses. But no university can be a merely 

 local institution. Norman Lockyer. 



{To be concluded.) 



MENDEL'S LAW OF HEREDITY* 

 What will doubtless rank as one of the 

 great discoveries in biology, and in the 



* This paper was originally published in part in 

 the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts 

 and Sciences, Vol. 38, No. 18, pp. 535-548, Janu- 

 ary, 1903. 



