CEEASTES VIPERA. 327 
Cerastes vipera, Hasselq. & Linn. (Plate XLVII.) 
Vipera officinarum, Hasselq. Act. Soc. Reg. Sc. Upsala (1750), 1751, Index. 
Vipera, Hasselq. op. eit. p. 24. 
Vipera cegypti et officinarum, op. cit. p. 24. 
Vipera oegyptiaca, Hasselq. op. eit. p. 26 et pp. 27, 28. 
Coluber vipera, Hasselq. & Linn. Iter Palaest. 1757, p. 314; Linn. Mus. Adolph. Frid. ii. 1764, 
p. 43, et Syst. Nat. 1766, p. 375 ; Bonnaterre, Encycloped. Method., Ophiol. 1790, p. 21 ; 
Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1788, p. 1085; Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. part 2, 1802, p. 377. 
Aspis cleopalra, Laur. Syst. Rept. 1768, p. 105. 
? Coluber holleik, Forskal, Descr. Anim. 1775, p. viii et p. 15. 
Coluber cegyptiacus, Lacep. Quad. Ovip. ii. 1789, p. 63. 
Vipera cegyptia, Latr. Rept. iii. 1801, p. 312. 
Vipera agyptiaca, Daud. Rept. vi. 1803, p. 212, et viii. 1803, p. 395 ; Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559. 
Vipera {Echidna) agyptiaca, Merr. Syst. Amph. 1820, p. 152. 
Cerastes ritchii, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 70; Cat. Snakes B. M. 1849, p. 28. 
Echidna atricauda, part., Dum. & Bibr. vii. 1854, p. 1430. 
Vipera avicennce, part., Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 152 ; Icon. Gen. livr. 45, Juin 1874 
pi. v. fig. 4. 
Vipera avizenna, Straueh, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (vii.) xiv. no. 6, 1869, p. 113 et p. 138. 
Vipera cerastes, Gasco, part., Viagg. in Egitto, pt. ii. 1876, p. 120. 
Vipera (Cerastes) cleopatra, Boettger, Kobelt's Reiseerin. Alg. u. Tunis, 1885, p. 463. 
Cerastes vipera, Blgr. Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891, p. 155, pi. xviii. fig. 2; Cat. Snakes B. M. iii. 
1896, p. 503 ; Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1892, p. 23; Olivier, Mem. Soc. Zool. Prance, vii. 
1894, p. 125; Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xliv. 1894, p. 86; Anderson, Herp. 
Arabia & Egypt, 1896, p. 109; Francaviglia, Boll. Soc. Rom., Zool. v. 1896, p. 39. 
in his time it was unknown from Egypt. At the same time V. ammodytes is present in Syria, having been 
found by Canon Tristram on the slopes of Lebanon. 
Vipera. lebetina, Linn. 
The viper known under this name was first described by Linnaeus, in the ]0th editiou of the ' Systema 
Naturas,' from a specimen said to have been collected by Hasselquist. It is not mentioned in the ' Iter 
Palasstinum,' in which, however, Hasselquist refers to a snake he had observed in Cyprus under the name 
of aspic, that is one of the names under which V. lebetina is known in that island, another name being utiinhrj 
= deaf (adder). In the 10th edition of the ' Syst. Nat.,' no more explicit locality is assigned to V. lebetina 
than " Habitat Oriente " ; but in the Catalogue of the Museum of King Adolphus Frederick, V. lebetina 
is stated to be found in Arabia and Egypt. Forskal' s specimens are explicitly stated by him to have been 
received from Cyprus. There is no specimen of this species from Egypt, so far a3 I have been able to 
ascertain, in any European museum. Straueh stated he had seen a specimen in the Berlin Museum • but 
Dr. G. Tornier informs me that no such specimen exists, though there is one labelled "North Africa,'' 
but by whom presented is unknown. 
