336 THE EEPTILES OP EGYPT. 
ECHIS. 
Echis, Merrem, Syst. Amph. 1820, p. 149. 
Body moderately long ; tail short ; head markedly distinct from the neck, covered 
above and on its sides with imbricate keeled scales ; nostril directed upwards and out- 
wards ; nasal single or divided ; eye moderate, pupil vertical ; ,small scales between the 
eye and the labials ; supraocular narrow, present or absent. Scales 25-37 rows, longi- 
tudinal, imbricate, strongly keeled, oblique on the sides, smaller than the dorsal scales, 
with serrated keels ; ventrals not laterally angulate ; anal entire ; subcaudals single. 
Echis carinatus, Schneider. (Plate XLIX.) 
Horatta Pain, Russell, Ind. Serp. i. 1796, pi. ii. 
Pseudoboa carinata, Schneider, Hist. Amph. ii. 1801, p. 285. 
Boa horatta, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. part 2, 1802, p. 359. 
Scytale bizonatus, Daud. Kept. v. 1803, p. 339, pi. lxx. fig. 1. 
Vipera (Echis) carinata, Merr. Syst. Amph. 1820, p. 149. 
Echis ziczac, Gray, Ann. Philos. new ser. x. 1825, p. 205. 
Echis arenicola, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 558; Gray, Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 70; Cat. Snakes B.M. 1849, 
p. 29; Strauch, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (vii.) xiv. no. 6, 1869, pp. 117, 139; op. cit. (vii.) xxi. 
no. 4, 1873, p. 228 ; Bedr. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. liv. 1879, no. 3, p. 50; Boettger, Ber. Senck. 
nat. Ges. 1880, p. 169 ; Lortet, Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Lyon, iii. 1883, p. 187 ; Tristram, West. 
Palest., Rept. & Batr. 1884, p. 147; Blgr. Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Zool. v. 1889, p. 104. 
Scythale pyramidum, Is. Geoffr. St.-Hil. Descr. de l'figypte, Hist. Nat. i. ? 1827, p. 152, pi. vii. 
fig. 1. 
Vipere, Audouin, Descr. de l'Egypte, Hist. Nat. i. ? 1829, Suppl. pi. Rept. (1813) iv. figs. 1 i-I 4. 
Echis carinata, Wagler, Syst. Amph. 1830, p. 177 ; Schinz, Naturgesch. Abbilcl., Rept. 1833, 
p. 180, pi. lxxix. fig. 2 ; Guichenot, Lefebvre's Voy. Abyss., Zool. vi. 1845-50, p. 215, pi. iii.; 
Riippell, Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 313; Gray, Cat. Snakes B. M. 1849, p. 29; Dura. & Bibr. 
vii. 1854, p. 1448, pi. lxxxi.bis, fig. 3; Giinther, Cat. Snakes B. M. 1858, p. 268; Rept. Brit. 
Ind. 1864, p. 397 ; Jan, Elenco, 1863, p. 122 ; Filippi, Viagg. in Persia, 1865, p. 357 ; Theob. 
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. ex.no. xxxvii. pt. ii. 1868, p. 78; Strauch, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (vii.) 
xiv. no. 6, 1869, p. 121 ; Fayrer, Calcutta Med. Gaz., Dec. 1870, p. 241 ; Anderson, Proc. Zool. 
Soc. 1871, p. 196 ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xl. pt. ii. 1871, p. 37 ; Stol. Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872, 
pp. 84, 89 ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. 1872, p. 15, pi. xii. ; Nicholson, Ind. Snakes, 1874, p. 124, 
pi. xx. fig. 4 ; Blanf. East. Persia, Zool. ii. 1876, p. 430 ; Gasco, Viagg. in Egitto, pt. ii. 1876, 
p. 120 ; Theobald, Cat. Rept. Brit. Ind. 1876, p. 218 ; Ferguson, Rept. Faun. Ceylon, 1877, p. 25 ; 
Miiller, Verh. naturf. Ges. Basel, vi. 1878, pp. 620, 702 ; Giinth. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 978 ; 
Bedr. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. liv. 1879, no. 3, p. 50; Blanf. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlviii. pt. ii. 
