ECHIS CABIXATUS. 337 
1879, p. 116 j Blanf. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 682; Vaillant, Faun, et Flor. Pays Qonialis, 
1882, Kept. & Batr. p. 25 ; Murray, Zool. Sind, 1884, p. 388, pi. xi. ; Parenti e Picaglia, Rett. 
ed Anfibi Mar Rosso, 1886, p. 34 ; Boettger, Ber. Senck. nat. Ges. 1888-89, p. 305 ; Matschie, 
Zool. Jahrb. v. 1890, p. 617; Blgr. Fauna Brit. Ind., Rept. 1890, p. 422, fig. ; Peracca, Boll. 
Mus. Zool. Comp. Anat. Torino, ix. no. 167, 1894, p. 17; Blgr. Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891, 
p. 155; Sclater, Snakes Ind. Mus. 1891, p. 69; Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 657; 
Del Prato, Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. xxxv. 1895, p. 25; Francaviglia, Boll. Soc. Rom. Stud., 
Zool. v. 1896, p. 35. 
Echis pavo, Reuss, Mus. Senck. i. 1834, p. 157. 
Echis varia, Reuss, Mus. Senck. i. 1834, p. 160, pi. vii. fig. 2. 
Vipera echis, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. ii. 1837, p. 583, pi. xxi. figs. 10 & 11 ; in Wagner's Reisen in 
Algier, iii. 1841, p. 131. 
Echis frenata, Dum. & Bibr. vii. 1854, p. 1449, pi. lxxxi. bis, figs. 1 & 2 ; Pfeffer, Jahrb. Hamb. 
Wiss. Anst. x. 1893, p. 31. 
Coluber gariba, Seetzen, Reisen Syr., Palast. &c. 1855, ed. iii. p. 447. 
Toxicoa arenicola, Giinther, Cat. Snakes B. M. 1858, p. 268. 
Vipera carinata, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (Guerin) (2) ix. 1859, p. 153; Strauch, Mem. Ac. St. 
Petersb. (vii) iv. no. 7, 1862, p. 73. 
Vipera [Echis) stiperciliosa, Jan, Rev. et Mag. Zool. (Guerin) (2) ix. 1859, p. 156. 
Echis carinata, var. frenata, Jan, Elenco, 1863, p. J 22. 
Echis superciliosa, Jan, Elenco, 1863, p. 122. 
Echis carinatus, Blgr. Cat. Snakes B. M. iii. 1896, p. 505 ; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1896, p. 217 ; Anderson, 
Herpet. Arabia & Egypt, 1896, pp. 55 & 110; Blgr. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova, xvii. (xxxvii.) 
1896-97, p. 280. 
1 J and 1 ? . Mokattam Hills, Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes. 
1 ? . Assiut. 
1 d and 1 ? . Suakin. Colonel Sir Charles Holled Smith, C.B., K.C.M.G. 
1 ? . Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton, D.S.O. 
2 c?,2 ? , and 5 juv. Suakin. 
1 iS and 1 ? . Durrur. 
1 ? . Oasis of Siwah. A. R. Birdwood, Esq. 
Snout short, broad and rounded, its length less than the anterior interorbital breadth ; 
rostral very much broader than high ; nasal generally divided, in contact with rostral 
and first labial, and usually a small supranasal, separated from the second labial by 
a single scale ; a supraocular sometimes present; eyes separated above by from 10 to 15 
scales; 11 to 20 scales around the eye, and two or three scales between it and the 
upper labials ; 10 to 12 upper labials, exceptionally 9 or 13. One pair of chin-shields 
in contact with three or four labials, followed by two to five pairs either of small 
square shields or scales. 25 to 37 rows of scales across the body; 132-195 ventrals ; 
anal 1 ; subcaudals 23-48. The upper surface generally dark brown or some tint of 
brown, with 36 to 40 irregular whitish, yellowish, or greyish-yellow transverse bands 
of varying breadth, more or less dilated in the mesial line, and uniting with one another 
on the sides, thus defining off a lateral line of more or less triangular dark brown areas, 
2x 
