of New-York and New-Jersey, &c. 193 
waters that for near one hundred miles of their course de- 
scend eastward from the primitive mountains ; many of these 
streams have their origin from he lakes and run forty 
miles in mountainous “districts. 
From Patterson to Springfield the trai ridges are called 
first and second Newark mountain and Caldwell mountain ; 
their direction is nearly south, preserving a great uniformity 
of altitude—as seen from New-York they mark an even 
line on the western horizon—the eastern side is steep, the 
western of gradual descent, a description applicable to 
most of the mountains of New-York and New-Jersey—it 
is observable at the alluvial Highlands of Neversink, the 
primitive mountains of Staten-Island and New-Jersey, the 
green hills of Long-Island, at the Palisado and at the Shawan- 
gunk and Kattskill mountains. Secondary greenstone of a 
uniform character, no way differing from that at Passaic 
falls is the only summit rock, in place, observed on the first 
and second Newark mountain, but except in the vicinity of 
Patterson and Springfield, mural precipices are seldom seen. 
The mountains side is,wherever ledges appear, covered with | 
small amphorous stones—red sandstone is observed in place 
on the sides and at the base and is supposed to lie under 
the Newark ranges. The eastern side of the mountain is 
much of it cultivated to a considerable height ; the soil is 
red from the disintegration of sandstone ; the summit and 
western declivity is in general occupied by coppice, of small 
oak, chestnut, walnut, butternut and cedars. ‘The second 
Newark mountain running a parallel course and distant 
about a mile from the first is less elevated and rocky and 
the ascent more gradual than the first ; I have found preh- 
nite and agate imbedded in the rock of this mountain. The 
eastern view from the first Newark mountain is diversified 
and particularly pleasing in spring; at the base of the moun- 
tain is presented an extensive, rich, thickly settled and high- 
ly cultivated valley that appears from the summit to be a 
nearly level plain—the meadows and fields of grain pre- 
sent a beautiful light verdure and innumerable orchards are 
gay with blossoms ; the villages of Bloomfield, North and 
South Orange, and the large towns of Newark and Eliza- 
bethtown are in view—you overlook the extensive alluvial 
meadows of Newark and have a full view of the city and 
