288 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. XVII. No. 425. 



was found to contain many burials, graves 

 being scattered throughout the whole 

 mound. About one third were placed be- 

 low the base of the mound, at varying 

 depths up to five feet. The base of one 

 of the mounds was of tamped clay covering 

 an old village site. Ashes were placed in 

 a layer over this clay, and in this part of 

 the mound were. but few burials, and these 

 some three and a half feet above the clay 

 base. With many of the burials were 

 many artifacts, and several pieces of pot- 

 tery were recovered intact. With some 

 burials, instead of pottery, the materials 

 for making pottery were buried. 



Anthropometry; its Relation to Criminol- 

 ogy: E. LiNDSET. 



The study of the outward physical char- 

 acteristics of men is a branch of anthro- 

 pology to which quantitative methods are 

 applicable. The relations exhibited by 

 these methods are the mathematical ones 

 connecting the observations, and not the 

 real relations of the phenomena themselves. 

 Th? application of these methods in the 

 study of criminals, united with the view 

 of the criminal mainly as a moral offender 

 developed by the philanthropists, gave rise 

 to the theories of the so-called Italian 

 school of criminology. This is susceptible 

 of much criticism. To deduce any theory, 

 observations on the convict class must be 

 compared with observations on all other 

 classes of society. Convicts must be com- 

 pared with non-convicts of similar environ- 

 ment. Anthropometry must provide these 

 data. While there is a correlation between 

 psychical activity and physical structure, 

 the physical is no measure of the psychical 

 function, which can only be compared 

 qualitatively. Criminology, therefore, must 

 embrace both qualitative and quantitative 

 studies. Criminology has no direct rela- 

 tion to criminal law, but should be pur- 

 sued as a strictly scientific investigation. 



using both quantitative and qualitative 

 methods. 



The Gramophone Method in Collecting 



Dialects: E. W. Scripture. 



The phonograph and the gramophone 

 were compared in their usefulness in the 

 collection of dialects, and the methods of 

 tracing curves from the records obtained 

 by the latter instrument demonstrated. 

 The method of analysis of these curves 

 was described, and plans outlined for a 

 comprehensive collection of American dia^ 

 leets, constituting a phonetic and linguistic 

 survey of the entire country, and em- 

 bracing aboriginal as well as other peoples. 



The Cultural Differentiation of the Maidu: 



Roland B. Dixon. 



The paper called attention to the rather 

 interesting case of the differentiation of 

 the small Maidu stock into three more or 

 less distinct groups, each of which was, to 

 a considerable extent, isolated from the 

 others. It was suggested that we might 

 see in this differentiation in culture as 

 well as language in this single stock, evi- 

 dence of the forces which have produced 

 the great diversity which has long been 

 recognized to exist in California as a whole. 



A Study of Spindle Whorls from Mexico 

 to Colombia: H. Newell Wardle. 

 This study was based on the collections 

 of spindle whorls in the U. S. National 

 Museum, the Academy of Natural Sciences 

 of Philadelphia, the Free Museum of Sci- 

 ence and Art of the University of Penn- 

 sylvania, and the American Museum of 

 Natural History in New York. The dis- 

 tribution and significance of ornamental 

 motifs were briefly considered, but the 

 groups outlined were on the basis of tech- 

 nique, form and material. Eight groups 

 were recognized for Mexico, and after ref- 

 erence to the spindle whorls of Chiriqui, 

 attention was called to three strongly char- 



