16 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. Vol. I. No. 1. 



liigher grouijs. The evolution of animal 

 life is the unfolding of neAY forms. In the 

 study of mankind this evolution is replaced 

 by an involution Avliich tends toward \mi- 

 fication. In his early historj' biotic forms 

 and varieties were developed, with more 

 or less differentiation of functions. Some 

 men were high of stature, others were low 

 of stature ; some men were blondes, others 

 were brunettes ; some men had long skulls, 

 others short skulls ; some men had their 

 eyes ]3laced obliquely, others horizontally ; 

 some men had round hair, others had flat 

 hair. The tendency in the beginning was 

 toward the differentiation of varieties, 

 which, had man continued in his lowly es- 

 tate on a plane with the lower animals, 

 m^ight have resulted in the differentiation 

 of species not interfertile with one another ; 

 but with mankind interfertility was pre- 

 served. 



Man was endowed with suj)erior intellect. 

 He had outrun tlie lower animals in the 

 race of culture and began to develop the 

 five great activities : industry, pleasure, 

 speech, government and learning. With 

 these evolving powers the evolution of 

 varieties was checked. The evolution of 

 activities siiperseded the evolution of biotic 

 varieties, and man's course of development 

 was by involution and seriation ; men be- 

 came more and more interdependent, and 

 this is involution. Some men made more 

 progress in the five great activities than 

 others, but all progress resulted in serial 

 development. So some peoples have a 

 higher culture than others. All of the 

 human activities are interrelated and ever 

 become more and more interrelated. Not 

 onlj^ are the activities interrelated, but the 

 peoples themselves become more and more 

 interi-elated through them in the progress 

 of activital development. 



Let us now take a hasty view of mankind 

 in his early estate, moving along the high- 

 ways of progress toward the present time. 



Early man was scattered over all the earth 

 in kinship tribes, each one knit together by 

 bonds of kindred blood and cords of mai"- 

 riage ties. All tribal societj'' wa.s thus 

 organized. These little tribes, in vast num- 

 bers, each contained but a few individuals 

 who inhabited the Eden between the walls 

 of ice. Theh" arts of welfare sprimg fi-om 

 conditions of local envii-onment. "Where 

 the waters were abundant they became fish- 

 ermen ; where the beasts of the wold and 

 prairie were plentj^ they became hunters, 

 where the fruits of the forest and plain were 

 rich they became gleaners, and where all of 

 these soui'ces of supply existed their food 

 industries were diversified. In frigid lands 

 thej' built their houses of snow and ice ; in 

 forest lands they built their homes of shards 

 of trees, boughs and bark ; in the savannahs 

 they built their homes of reeds and mats ; in 

 arid lands of naked rock and cliff they built 

 their homes of stone — everj'where they 

 adapted the materials of the local environ- 

 ment to their use. Where the beasts were 

 plentj^ thej^ made their clothing of pelts ; 

 where animals j'ielded wool thej' made their 

 clothing of woolen fibers ; where fibrous 

 plants were abundant they made their cloth- 

 ing of vegetable tapestries, and they decor- 

 ated homes and clothiug with the pigments 

 and stains which they found where they 

 lived. So man started on the way of wel- 

 fare. 



The children of these little tribes had 

 their youthful sports. Thej^ kept plaj^- 

 house as their mothers kept house ; they 

 plaj^ed with dolls as their mothers played 

 with babies ; they played at hunting as 

 theii" fathers were himters ; they played at 

 fishing as their fathers were fishermen ; 

 they plaj'ed at fruit gathering as theii' 

 fathers and mothers gathered fi-uit; and 

 they played at war as theii" heroes made 

 war, and thus mimetic sports were de- 

 veloped. The elders engaged in running 

 races, in wrestling matches and various 



