18 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. VoT.. T. Xc). 1. 



The kinship hibes first developed hy man 

 graduallj^ underwent a' change. Tribe co- 

 alesced with tribe, and when tribes became 

 too large by union or by natural multipli- 

 cation thej' divided. In the consolidation 

 of tribes the plan of union by kinshijj re- 

 mained. Two or more tribes allied their 

 fortunes bj^ intermarriage, each furnishing 

 wives to the other ; so the chains of affinity 

 were forged, and out of this affinity spring- 

 new bonds of consanguinity. In succeeding 

 generations fathers and mothers belong to 

 different clans, and each tribe is made up of 

 individuals, every member of which is kin 

 to both primal tribes. Kinship through af- 

 fixiity and kinship, through consanguinity, 

 was maintained in knowledge by a device 

 of naming, so that the name not only ex- 

 pressed kinship by clan, but also kinship 

 by tribe as composed of clans, and at the 

 same time expressed relative age by which 

 authoritjr was claimed and yielded and 

 primeval eqiiality maintained. In the co- 

 alescing of tribes in this manner a new gen- 

 eration became heirs to the activities of the 

 coalescing tribes. They inherited indus- 

 tries, pleasures, languages, institiitions and 

 opinions of the ancestral tribes. So tribes 

 coalesced with tribes and divided and coal- 

 esced again, until tribal society was lost in 

 the confusion of ancestries. Then nations 

 were born, based not on kinship bonds but 

 on territorial boundaries. The first nation 

 and every other nation since has in its very 

 organization lost its ancesti-al identity by 

 multiplied admixture of streams of blood. 

 To speak of a nation as of one blood or as 

 derived from one primeval tribe with its 

 primitive industries, pleasures, speech, in- 

 stitutions and oi^iuions is absurd. To search 

 for the origin of a nation in one primeval 

 tribe having some one or all of the primeval 

 activities is a search for the impossible. 



It is thus that the study of the human 

 race has led to the discovery of its unitj^ 

 It is found that we cannot classify men as 



biotic kinds with differing forms, functions 

 and genealogies, as the lower animals are 

 classified. An early tendency to such dif- 

 ferentiation is discovered, but it is farther 

 learned that this tendencj* has been par- 

 tially obliterated and gi'eatly obscured in 

 the later history of mankind. By these 

 discoveries many interesting facts have been 

 recorded of variations in human foi-ms, 

 fiinctions and genealogies. The study is 

 one of interest and proves to be valuable. 

 Thus the old science of ethnology remains as 

 the study of biotic varieties of mankind, 

 and is pursued with more vigor than ever 

 and becoming of more and more import- 

 ance. 



In the study of ethnology as the science 

 of biotic races the attempt was early made 

 to supplement biotic characteristics with 

 cultural characteristics fi-om the domain of 

 arts, or, as they are here called, humanities. 

 This has led to the development of a new 

 science pertaining to human activities as 

 herein classified, and to which the term 

 demology is sometimes given, while even the 

 term ethnology is made to include both the 

 biotic and the activital history of mankind. 

 It maj' be well to keep the term ethnology 

 to the limits of its primitive use and to 

 adopt the term demology for the new 

 science of human activities. 



J. W. Powell. 

 Washington. 



ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 



THE EARLIEST GENERIC NAME OP THE GEOUND 



SQUIEEELS COMMONLY PLACED IN THE 



GENUS SPEEMOPHILUS. 



The eccentric Eafinesque, who imposed" 

 such a multitude of new names upon ani- 

 mals and plants, seems to have been first 

 to name the group of gi-ound squirrels for 

 which the later name SpemiojMlm of Cuvier 

 (1825) has been in common use for more 

 than half a century. In 1817 Eafinesque 

 published a paper entitled ' Descriptions of 

 new genera of North American Quadrupeds,' 



