Jaxtary 11, 1893.] 



SCIENCE. 



45 



seiu-e, however, to ahiile in one little fact, 

 from which it cannot be driven, and that is 

 the verj' smallest pnlse of consciousness, 

 which always is consciousness of cliange. 

 Tiie present moment is no fact of experience; 

 it is only a mathematical postulate, and the 

 minimum real experience gives us a passing 

 moment, in which a going and a coming 

 fact meet on equal terms, and what was is 

 known in one indivisible act with what 

 does not quite yet exist. This is the origi- 

 nal type both of our knowing at all and of 

 knowing of things together, according to the 

 speaker. He said there was no use trying 

 to explain it, for it was the fundamental 

 element of all experience. But we might 

 seek to determine the exact conditions that 

 decide what particular objects should be 

 known together, and to this inquiry the end 

 of tlieadcb-ess was devoted. Various phys- 

 iological, psychological and purely spiritual 

 theories of the conditions were reviewed, 

 without the speaker saying which one he 

 fa\ored. He hoped, however, that his re- 

 marks might stimulate inquiry which should 

 tiear fruit at the meeting next year. He 

 closed with a modification of one of the 

 most important doctrines of his own book 

 on psychology, which in that state of mind, 

 subjectively considered, ought not to be 

 called complex at all. He admitted them 

 to be complex, but is as far as ever from al- 

 lowing the complexity to be described in 

 the usually accejited way of the Associa- 

 tional school. The address will be printed 

 in full in the March number of The P.-iiicho- 

 loyiral lievicw. 



The morning session of the second daj' 

 was taken' up bj' five papers on pleasure, 

 l)ain and the emotions, and in the afterno(m 

 when the pa])ei-s of the program liad l)een 

 read, the discussion returned to this subject 

 and was carried on with much eagerness to 

 tiie moment of adjournment. The papei's 

 were The Clamjicatioii of Pleasure and Pain, 

 By Prof. Charles A. Strong, of the Univei-sitj' 



of Chicago ; .1 Theory of Emotions from the 

 Phy.<i<)logical Htftinlpoint, by Prof. G. H. 

 Mead, of the Univei'sity of Chicago ; De- 

 dre, by Dr. D. S. Miller, of Bryn Mawr 

 College ; Pleamre and Pain Defined, by 

 Prof. S. E. Mezes, of the Univei-sity of 

 Texas ; Pleasure-Pain versus Emotion, by 

 Mr. H. R. Marshall. 



It would not be easy to give an abstract 

 of these papers that would be intelligible to 

 men of science working in other depart- 

 ments — indeed, the mose careful attention 

 was demanded of the audience. The kind 

 of psj-ehology presented is a develoi)meut of 

 descriptive psychology which may be called 

 analytic psychology — a subject best repre- 

 sented in English by Dr. Ward's able but 

 difficult article on Pfijchologn, in the Encyclo- 

 piedia Britannica. The question of the emo- 

 tions and their expi-ession has recently be- 

 come prominent in psychological discussion 

 — witness the articles on the subject by 

 Professors James, Baldwin and Dewey in 

 the last three numbers of the Psychological 

 Ilevieiv. Pi-ofe.ssor James' original the- 

 ory that the mental state is rather the re- 

 sult of the ' expression ' than that the ex- 

 pression is caused by the mental state is 

 pretty well made out. The theory, to put 

 the matter most bluntly, says that, " we 

 feel sorrj' because we crj', angry because 

 we strike, afraid because we tremble, and 

 not that we cry, strike or tremble, because 

 we are sorrj', angry or fearful, as the case 

 may be." Darwin's work, for example, 

 should not be called The E.vpression of the 

 Emotions. The movements are not caused 

 by the emotions, but are aroused reflexly bj' 

 the object, and are or have been useful. 

 Thus tbe animal in the presence of its 

 enemy may feign death or run awaj- as will 

 best contribute to its chances of escape, and 

 a num may be • paralyzed ' bj' fear or flee 

 according to circumstances. A man sneers 

 because his ancestois were preparing to 

 bite. The mental emotion results from 



