58 



SCIENCE. 



[N. S. A'OL. I. No. 3. 



present. Bi-ief additional tributes were 

 also paid by Professor B. K. Emerson, of 

 Amherst, Dr. Williams' first geological 

 teacher and life-long friend; by J. F. Kemp, 

 an old college-mate; by W. S. Bayley, his 

 first student in petrographj^, and by his 

 friends and colleagues, J. P. Iddings, I. C. 

 White, C. D. Walcott and N. S. Shaler. 



A memorial of Amos Bowman, of the 

 Canadian Survej^, was then presented by H. 

 M. Ami, after which the Society listened to 

 the reading of papers, as follows: 



1. On Certain Peculiar Features in the Jointing 

 and Veining of the Lower Silurian Limestones 

 near Cumberland Gap, Tenn. N. S. 

 Shalbb, Cambridge, Mass. 



The paper described peculiar forms of 

 dolomitic limestone near Smiles, Tenn., in 

 practically undistui'bed strata which are 

 ribbed and seamed by minute veins of 

 calcite, in the form of small gash veins. 

 They were regarded as due to some power- 

 ful, though local sti-ains in the rock, but 

 the subject was frankly admitted to be an 

 obscure one. 



2. The Appalachian Type of Folding in the 

 White Mountain Bange, of Inyo Co., Gal. 

 Chas. D. Walcott, Washington, D. C. 

 The White Mountain range, which lies 



east of the Sierra Nevada, was shown to 

 consist of conformable quartzite and Cam- 

 brian shales and limestone. The series had 

 been thrown into sjmclinal folds with inter- 

 venuig eroded anticlines and with a struc- 

 ture which, on the whole, closely reproduces 

 the Appalachian sections of the East. 



The paper was discussed by Messrs. 

 Becker, Ami, Willis and Russell, after 

 which recess was taken until the afternoon 

 session. 



3. New Structural Features in the Appala- 

 chians. Aethtje Keith. 



The paper reviewed the old generaliza- 

 tions of Appalachian structure, analyzed 

 the recently published knowledge, described 



new structures, such as fan structure, cross 

 folds, cross zones of shear, a secondary sys- 

 tem of folding, the distribution of meta- 

 morphism, and advanced a theory to ac- 

 count for their production. According to 

 the theory, the compressive strain which 

 deformed the strata began in the crj^stalliue 

 gneisses and granites, thrust the crj^stallines 

 against the sediments and bj' the differential 

 motion along the shear zones ijroduced but- 

 tresses around which the chief changes of 

 structure were gTOiiped. 



In the discussion which followed, Mr. C. 

 Willard Hayes considered two of the shear 

 zones M'ith the conclusion that the changes 

 in structure were due to differences of rigid- 

 ity in the sediments when they were thrust 

 against the crystallines. 



Mr. Keith replied that the changes of 

 structure extended through the crystallines 

 as well as the sediments, a fact incompatible 

 with a merely passive resistance on the part 

 of the crystallines. 



Mr. Bailey Willis argued that the chief 

 structural changes were due to original 

 differences in sediment and in bases of sedi- 

 mentation. His conclusion was that the 

 sediments moved against a rigid crystalline 

 mass, being actuated by a force acting from 

 the westward, which was due to the isosta- 

 tic flow of material from beneath the load 

 of sediment. 



4. The Faults of Ghazy Township, Glinton 

 County, N. Y. H. P. Gushing, Cleve- 

 land, 0. 



That the Lake Champlain region is, 

 structui-allj^, one of faulting without fold- 

 ing, is well known. The structure is well 

 exhibited in Chazy township, which has not 

 heretofore been mapped in detail, except 

 for a small area around Chazy village. Its 

 considei-ation is of importance, because of 

 its bearing on the structure of the Adiron- 

 dack region, in which, on account of the 

 lithological similarity of the rocks, the de- 

 termination of the precise structural rela- 



