May 10, 1895.] 



SCIENCE. 



515 



ber of genera are common to both canipo 

 and forest, but often the species are not 

 nearly related. In other cases the species 

 resemble each other so closely that some 

 botanists regard one as a vai-iety of the others. 

 The Brazilians have also noticed this in case 

 of certain trees and designate one form as 

 do campo and the other as do mato. "Woody 

 species are more common in the forest than 

 on the campos, (. e., 800 to 250. The num- 

 ber of herbaceous species on the campo and 

 in the forest is about the same. Hygrometric 

 conditions determine essentially the an- 

 atomy and the morphology of plants. This 

 causes the dift'erence in form and in thick- 

 ness of bark of the trees of the campos and 

 of the forest. In the campo plants there 

 is a marked reduction of foliar surfiice to 

 prevent excessive transpiration, and pilosity 

 is most frequent in these species, although 

 common in the forest, where it occurs most 

 abundantlj- on the foliage of the trees and 

 lianas, the glabrous plants of the forest be- 

 ing the lower and shaded species. A great 

 manj- of the weeds are abundantly hairy. 

 These grow principally in the clearings in 

 narrow valleys exposed to a burning sun. 

 Plants with lacquered leaves occur both on 

 the campos and in the forest. Spiny plants 

 are rare on the campos, more frequent in the 

 forest, especially on the calcareous rocks, 

 and most common in the clearings. Waxj' 

 leaved plants occur in various situations, 

 but are not frequent. Coriaceous leaves 

 occur on the woody plants of the campos 

 and also frequentlj- on the forest trees. They 

 are not so common on the forest shinibs and 

 are still rarer on the marsh plants. Many 

 plants of the forest have large thin leaves, 

 entirely uusuited for the campos. The fall 

 of leaves is brought about bj' the increasing 

 drj-ness of the air and soil i-ather than by any 

 change of temperature. This is much more 

 decided in the trees of the campos than in 

 those of the forest and is most noticeable 

 in the woodj- plants on the calcareous rocks. 



Some trees shed their leaves in winter and 

 remain bare for several months, but most 

 of the leaves fall in the spring ( August to 

 October) simultaneously with the appear- 

 ing of new leaves, so that the forest is always 

 green and retains about the Siime coolness 

 and depth of shade. The trees of the cam- 

 pos as well as of the forest show annual 

 rings, and the author thinks that the same 

 periodicity of growth takes place everj'- 

 where, even in the trees on the Amazon. 

 Buds are not generally protected by bud- 

 scales, although some of the woody plants 

 of Lagoa Santa bear as characteristic buds 

 and budscales as any forest trees in Den- 

 mark. The author's principal collections 

 were made from the small area of 170 sq. 

 kDometers, from which he obtained about 

 2,600 species of vascular plants. 



Erwin F. Smith. 

 Washixgtox. 



THE PJiOGEESS OF PAEONTMY. 

 Ten years ago -^ I urged the desirability 

 of the general emplo_\"ment of technical ana- 

 tomic terms consisting, so far as practicable, 

 of one word each (mononyms), and derived 

 directly or indii-ectly from the Latin, consti- 

 tuting jjaco)!(/Hi< of the originals. Such paro- 

 nyms might be either identical with the ori- 

 ginal, e. g., English /(OH*, or changed in va- 

 rious ways in conformity A\-ith the custom of 

 each language, e. g., French pant. Italian 

 ponte. The suliject was further discussed 

 in connection with Prof. S. H. Gage in 

 18861 and in 1889, J and the principle of 



* Paronymy versus heteronymy as neuronjinic prin- 

 ciples. Presidential address at the 11th annual meet- 

 ing of the .Vmericau Xenrological Association, 1885. 

 Tramactions of the Assoeialion, pp. 21. Also Journal 

 of Nerrous anti Menial Disease, Vol. XII. 



t Anatomical teclinolofjy: an introduction to hn- 

 raan, veterinary and comparative anatomy. Second 

 ed., 1-*8G, O., pp. (!0O. 120 tiv;s., 4 plates. 



J Anatomical terminolojty. Keference Handl)Ook 

 of the medical sciences. A. H. Buck, editor, VIII., 

 pp. 24. 1889. 



