JlXE 28, 1895.] 



SCIENCE. 



713 



pulse, to imitatiou and to intelligience. our 

 deliuition of instinctive activities should 

 find a place in a scheme of terminology."' 

 He sets forth such a scheme sending us in 

 MSS. a number of additions and niodih- 

 cations which are embodied in the follow- 

 ing table and abstract : 

 " It may be premised : 



1. That the terms congenital and acqiiired 

 are to be regarded as mutually exclusive. 

 What is congenital is, as prior to individ- 

 ual experience, not acquired. What is ac- 

 quired is, as the result of individual exjieri- 

 ence, not congenital. 



2. That these terms apply to the indi- 

 vidual, whether what is acquired by one 

 individual may become congenital through 

 inheritance in another individual, is a ques- 

 tion of fact which is not to be settled by 

 implications of terminologj-. 



3. That the term actjuired does not ex- 

 clude an inherited potentialitj' of acquisi- 

 tion under the appropriate conditions, 

 such inherited potentiality may be termed 

 innate. "Wliat is acquired is a specialization 

 of a vague and general innate potentiality. 



4. That what is congenital and innate is 

 inherent in the germ j)lasm of the fertilized 

 ovum. 



Congenital Movements and Activities: Those 

 the performance of which is antecedent to 

 indiN-idual experience: they may be per- 

 formed either (a) at or very shortly after 

 birth (connate) or (b) when the organism 

 has undergone further development (de- 

 ferred). 



Congenital Automatism : The congenital 

 physiological basis of those movements or 

 activities which are antecedent to individ- 

 ual experience. 



Physiological Rhythms : Congenital for con- 

 nate) rhythmic movements essential to the 

 continuance of organic life. 



Reflex Movements : Congenital, adaptive 

 and coordinated responses of limbs or part.« 

 of the body ; evoked by stimuli. 



Random Movements: Congenital, more or 

 less definite, l)ut not specially adaptive 

 movements of limbs or parts of the body ; 

 either centrally initiated or evoked by 

 stimuli. 



Instinctive Activities: Congenital, adaptive 

 and coordinated activities of the organism 

 as a whole ; specific in character, but sub- 

 ject to variation analogous to that found in 

 organic structures ; similarly performed by 

 all the members of the same more or less re- 

 stricted group, in adaptation to special cir- 

 cumstances frequently recurring or essen- 

 tial to the continuance of the race ; oft^n 

 periodic in development and serial in char- 

 acter. 



Mimetic Movements and Activities : Due to 

 individual imitation or similar movements 

 or activities performed by others. 



Impulse ( Trieb): The affective or emotional 

 condition, connate or acquired, under the 

 influence of which a conscious organism is 

 prompted to movement or acti\-ity, without 

 reference to a conceived end or ideal. 



Instinct : The congenital psychological im- 

 pulse concerned in instinctive activities. 



Control : The conscious inhibition or aug- 

 mentation of movement or activity. 



Intelligent Activities : Those due to indivi- 

 dual control or guidance in the light of ex- 

 perience through association. 



Motive: The affective or emotional condi- 

 tion under the influence of which a rational 

 being is guided in the performance of de- 

 liberate acts. 



Deliberate Acts: Those performed in dis- 

 tinct reference to a conceived end or ideal. 



Habits: Organized groups of activities, 

 stereotyped by repetition, and charat'teristic 

 of a conscious organism at any particular 

 stage of its existence. 



Acquired Movements, Actlvitiesor Acts: Those 

 the iKM'formance of which is the result of 

 individual experience. Any modifications 

 of congenital activities which result from 

 experience are so far acquired. 



