12 GUIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 
Lawrence was settled by a colony of New England people who were 
ardent advocates of the abolition of slavery. The attempt to make 
Kansas a proslavery State was prosecuted with zeal, and vigorous 
endeavor was made to keep out settlers who were not in sympathy 
with that side. On the other hand the abolitionists of the East 
organized companies which established and assisted in maintaining 
“‘free-soil colonies.”” The New England Emigrant Aid Society, of 
which Amos A. Lawrence, of Boston, was an active member, was 
responsible for the settlement of Lawrence, Kans., in 1854, From 
this time to the Civil War the town was the stronghold of the anti- 
slavery party. In 1863 Quantrell raided Lawrence with a band of 
Missourians who killed 288 men, a large proportion of the adult 
male population at the time. Lawrence was a noted station on the 
so-called underground railroad system by which slaves escaped from 
Missouri and other States. 
At Lawrence brick of various kinds is made from shale, and sand 
is dredged from the river for use in making concrete and other build- 
ing operations. The dredge is plainly visible from the railway station 
(to the north), and the principal brickworks are south of the railway, 
a mile west of the station. In the pits the shale is capped by terrace 
deposits. A 1,400-foot well just east of Lawrence station furnishes 
a small flow of saline water that is in considerable demand for the 
treatment of rheumatism. The river is dammed at Lawrence to 
afford power, which is used mainly by a flour mill. 
Much stone is quarried from the ledges of Oread limestone west of 
Lawrence. About 90 feet of shale (Kanwaka) intervenes between 
the Oread and the next higher limestone (the Lecompton),1 which 
caps the ridges southwest of Lawrence. The Lecompton limestone 
dips west and passes below the alluvium of the valley filling near 
Spencer siding. In quarries north of Kansas River it yields large 
slabs that are used in Lawrence and other places for curbing, pave- 
ments, and trimmings. 
Half a mile west of Lawrence station, on the north side of the rail- 
way, are the city waterworks. Water from the underflow of the river 
is obtained by large pits, in the bottom of which perforated pipes are 
sunk deep in the sand. The railway Passes along a flat with low 
‘The Lecompton limestone consists of { minifer of elongated oval form, generally 
five principal beds; 5 feet of limestone at | 
e base, 54 feet of shale, 16 inches of blue 
limestone, 4 feet of shale, and 10 feet of 
light-gray limestone which disintegrates 
easily. Great quantities of the peculiar 
fossil, Fusulina, occur in the basal part 
of the Lecompton limestone. It is a fora- 
about a quarter of an inch in length, 
and is common also in higher limestones. 
The shale that overlies the Lecompton 
limestone, known as the Tecumseh shale, 
is about 75 feet thick and includes two 
thin limestone beds which make riffles in 
the river, 
