THE SANTA FR ROUTE. 91 
Street in Ottawa, and remains of others have been found in the 
vicinity. These large animals, which were closely similar in form to 
the elephant, were abundant in the United States thousands of 
years ago, together with various other species long extinct. A res- 
toration of the principal variety of mammoth is shown in Plate I, B 
(p. 18). At Ottawa Junction, just south of the railway, is a factory 
where tiles, brick, etc., are manufactured from shale. 
West of Ottawa Junction the railway follows the low flats on the 
north side of the valley of the Osage (see sheet 2, p. 22) to a point 14 
miles west of Pomona, where it crosses that stream. 
Pomona. It recrosses to the north bank just east of Quenemo, 
Elevation 923 feet. This river was named the Marais des Cygnes (swamp 
Konaas City 6 mites, Of the swans) by the early French trappers, from the 
fact that large numbers of swans frequented its 
marshy bottom lands during the winter. 
At Quenemo the Santa Fe Railway is crossed by one of the lines 
of the Missouri Pacific system. This place was named for an Ottawa 
Indian who lived among the Sac and Fox tribes near 
Quenemo. Melvern. The surface rock of the valley in this 
sara M1 feet. region is shale, which is exposed in some of the cuts, 
be Oey ont notably in one 20 feet deep a short distance east of 
milepost 60. Most of the lower slopes of the valley 
are occupied by deposits of sand and gravel laid down by the river. 
Near Pomona the slopes on both ee of the valley are surmounted 
by low cliffs of Oread limestone in two or three prominent ledges. 
These beds, by their slight westward dip and the rise of the valley in 
the same direction, are finally brought to water level and crossed by 
the railway at Melvern. 
At Melvern the railway rises out of the Osage Valley and the rail- 
- way cuts expose in close succession a number of limestones and at 
several places the intervening shales. At Ridgeton, 
west of Olivet, the railway regains the summit of the 
raplueies: plateau at an elevation of 1,125 feet, or about 100 feet 
Kansas City 80 miles. higher than in the region southwest of Olathe. On 
the summit there is a very instructive view to the 
Olivet. northwest, showing a succession of steps formed by 
Elevation 1,136 feet. the outcrop of the thin but hard ledges of limestones, 
= separated by long slopes of the intervening shales. 
This entire region is under cultivation, with fields of 
"various crops and extensive pastures. 
From Olivet to Neosho Rapids there is a continuous rolling plain of 
shale, interrupted, between milesposts 92 and 93, by a slope formed 
by the gently inclined upper surface (dip slope) of the Howard lime- 
stone, a relatively hard bed only about 1 foot thick. 
Melvern. 
Popula 904.* 
Kansas City 86 miles. 
