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THE SANTA FE ROUTE. 233 
Permian series of the Carboniferous system. (See table on p. ii.) 
Its upper part consists largely of an aggregate of the fossil foraminifer 
Fusulina cylindrica, which the quarrymen call ‘‘rice” on account of 
its general resemblance to grains of wild rice. In the vicinity of 
Strong City, Clements, and Cottonwood Falls there are more than 
20 large quarries in this limestone, constituting the largest quarrying 
industry in the State. The stone is of light color, uniform texture, 
and generally so free from joint planes that blocks of almost any 
desired length or breadth can be obtained. The two layers of which 
the formation consists in most places are only from 2 to 3 feet thick; 
locally it is in three layers. The Cottonwood stone is shipped great 
distances to places in Kansas and adjoining States. 
There is one limestone quarry of considerable size in the northern 
part of Strong City (see sheet 3, p. 26), north of the railway, and others 
a mile or two distant on the south side of the river, east 
Strong City. of Cottonwood Falls. Strong City, named for W. B. 
fous feet. Strong, a former president of the Santa Fe Railway 
ansas City 147 miles, CO-, 18 on the north side of Cottonwood River, and 
the city of Cottonwood Falls is on the south bank of 
that stream, 14 miles south of the railway at this point. At Strong 
City the Neva limestone is below the surface, and at milepost 133 
the Cottonwood limestone also goes under. Within a short distance 
to the west, however, both of them are brought up again by doming 
of the beds (see glossary, p. 182),so that near Elmdale they are mod- 
erately high in the valley slopes. The underlying Eskridge shale also 
appears. 
A boring recently made on the crest of the dome near Elmdale 
has found some natural gas, but the amount available has not been 
ully determined. Petroleum and gas occur in man 
Elmdale. places where the beds are domed, because structure 
Elevation 1,195 feet. of this kind offers a favorable condition for their 
Population 253. 
Kansas City 154 miles, accumulation. There are, however, numerous domes 
in which neither gas nor oil is found, so that dhe 
structure is not always evidence of their presence. 
Clements is third in rank among the cattle-shipping towns of 
Kansas, A large number of cattle brought from various points west 
of this town are wintered here and fattened for 
Clements. market. A short distance beyond Clements is a small 
Be a cet. , quarry in the Cottonwood limestone. In this part 
of the valley of Cottonwood River the slopes are 
terraced by the projection of hard layers of limestone as tabular 
shelves of considerable extent, each one terminating in a more or less 
prominent cliff, as shown in figure 4 (p.24). In places there are three 
or four terraces or steps made by the succession of limestone beds, 
