eS o> ee ee OO 
THE SANTA FE ROUTE, 123 
Anita is a small siding from which considerable copper ore was 
shipped some years ago. The mines were 4 miles to the northeast. 
The copper ore occurs in irregular masses in the Kaibab limestone. 
It has been brought by underground solutions and deposited in part 
as a replacement of the limestone and in part in crevices and fissures 
in that rock. 
At milepost 50, near Hopi siding, junipers and pifions appear more 
abundantly, and toward the edge of the canyon they constitute a 
thick growth at most places and in parts of the region east of the 
railway make a forest of considerable extent. From Hopi northward 
ledges of Kaibab limestone become conspicuous.. The beds dip to the 
south at a very low angle, which is hardly perceptible to the eye. 
Owing to this tilt in the beds, they rise toward the canyon and 
northward. The railway terminus is in a small depression a few rods 
south of the brink of the Grand Canyon. 
The hotels are built on the edge of a deep alcove that affords a 
superb view into the Grand Canyon and across it to the great Kaibab 
Plateau on the north side. Few persons can realize 
Grand Canyon. on a first view of the canyon that it is more than a 
Elevation 6,866 feet. mile deep and from 8 to 10 miles wide. The cliffs 
Kansas City 1,363 miles, descending to its depths form a succession of huge 
steps, each 300 to 500 feet high, with steep rocky 
slopes between. ‘The cliffs are the edges of hard beds of limestone 
orsandstone; the intervening slopes mark the outcrops of softer beds. 
This series of beds is more than 3,600 feet thick, and the beds lie 
nearly horizontal. Far down in the canyon is a broad shelf caused 
by the hard sandstone at the base of this series, deeply trenched by a 
narrow inner canyon cut a thousand feet or more into the underlying 
“granite.” (See Pl. XX XIII, p. 127.) The rocks vary in color from 
white and buff to red and pale green. They present a marvelous 
variety of picturesque forms, mostly on a titanic scale, fashioned 
mainly by erosion by running water, the agent which has excavated 
the canyon. : 
The great river which has made its course in this deep canyon is 
the Colorado, one of the largest rivers of North America, which rises 
in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming and empties into 
the Gulf of California. In the Grand Canyon it is a stream about 300 
- feet wide and 30 feet deep at mean stage and flows with a mean 
velocity of about 2 miles an hour; the discharge at this stage is 26,400 
cubic feet asecond. At flood stages, in May, June, or July, the depth 
may reach 100 feet, and the velocity and volume are greatly increased. 
In its course of 42 miles through the central part of the canyon the 
river falls about 500 feet, or 12 feet to the mile. The water contams 
much sediment, and in time of flood not only carries a large quantity 
of sand and clay but moves a considerable amount of rock down- 
