84 GUIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 
other Indians in New Mexico. On their feast day, which is about 
August 4 to 7, a great celebration occurs, with dances and other 
features. This is attended by a large number of people, who are made 
welcome. 
Southwestward from Santo Domingo along the east bank of the 
Rio Grande there are extensive exposures of the Santa Fe marl in 
long slopes, partly of a badland character. In places on the west side 
this material constitutes the slopes of mesas of considerable height, 
which are capped by lava flows (basalt). 
Opposite milepost 875, 2} miles beyond Elota (ay-lo’ta) siding, 
there is another Indian pueblo, known as San Felipe. Although it 
is on the west bank of the river it is plainly visible from the trains, 
and many of its features may be seen in passing. A conspicuous 
building is the large church of curious architecture in the center of the 
settlement. As early as 1607 San Felipe had a church. The 
present town was built at the beginning of the eighteenth century. 
On top of the mesa a short distance north of San Felipe are ruins of a 
still older pueblo built for protection against the Spaniards. At a 
still earlier time the Indians had other places of residence, includ- 
ing Cubero (koo-bay’ro), all bearing the name Katishtya. These 
Indians, like those at Santo Domingo, are of Keresan stock. They 
now number about 500. 
Behind San Felipe there is a moderately high mesa of Santa Fe 
marl capped by a sheet of black lava (basalt). The edge of this 
sheet shows the columnar structure characteristic of rocks of this 
The lava came out of cracks some distance to the west and 
spread over a considerable area at a time when the bottom of the 
valley was about 150 feet higher than it is at present. There have 
been many of these eruptions at different places in the valley of the 
Rio Grande, as well as on some of the adjoining highlands, and 
voleanic activity appears to have continued until very recent time. 
The Pueblo Indians have traditions of ‘‘floods of fire,’ and it is 
stated that volcanic ash fell in seven of the twelve years following 
their revolt for independence from Spanish rule 
Algodones (ahl-go-doe’nace) is a Mexican village which is an 
important center and shipping point for ranches and the sheep 
industry. The valley of the Rio Grande in this 
- pes contains many large fields of alfalfa and 
Blevation 5,080 feet. other crops irrigated by water supplied by canals 
Heong ~- _from the river. The hills on both ied pat of the 
gray to pink Santa Fe marl, which extends along 
the valley in a belt of considerable width. On the west side of the 
river these beds are capped by a lava sheet forming a high mesa. 
This material is called marl because it is a fine light-colored silt, 
_ similar to the true marl deposited in ponds. Ridges rising out of 
