THE SANTA FE ROUTE. 101 
wooded summit of the Zuni Mountains. A small ridge, constituting 
a foothill to these mountains is due to the outcrop of the bed of coarse 
Shinarump sandstone which lies beneath the shales of the wide valley 
followed by the railway. 
The wall of red Wingate sandstone 2 miles north of Perea siding is 
broken into numerous massive buttresses, which rise to a high shelf 
of moderate width extending back to still higher steps of lighter- 
colored sandstones and shale (the Zuni), capped by the Dakota sand- 
stone far in the background. These features continue in view to 
Wingate station. 
Wingate is the station for old Fort Wingate, which is 3 miles due 
south of it. Until recently this fort was sustained by the Govern- 
3 ment as a military depot, with several regiments 
Wingate. ready for active duty. During part of 1914 the old 
Elevation 6 “sigs feet. 
Kansas City 1,067 miles. 
Texas at Eagle Pass. 
in the vicinit 
buildings were used for housing the 4,000 Mexican 
Federal troops and their families who were forced into 
These people were employed in working roads 
The teiktecler-3 is here well within the land of the Navajo (nav’a-ho) 
Indians, now peaceful blanket makers, herders, and farmers, but for 
a long time one of the predatory savage tribes, the terror of the Pueblo 
people and their ancestors. 
1 The Navajos were wily warriors, and 
usually their raids or other depredations 
Were victorious. After the acquisition of 
the Southwest by the United States, they 
ed 
pate in the Civil War. Several attempts 
were made to subdue the Navajos, but 
none succeeded until 1863, when Col. Kit 
Carson drove them into eastern New 
exico, where they were held as prison- 
M 
ers until 1867. Then they were permitted 
tothem. Since that time they have been 
peaceful and in some ways prosperous. 
It is estimated that the warfare 
the Navajos and Apaches from 1849 to 
1886 cost the United States $50,000,000. 
The Navajo Reservation covers more 
than 9,000,000 acres, most of it above an 
altitude of 6,000 feet. Its southeastern 
corner is 20 miles northeast of Wingate, 
its southwest corner is a short distance 
west of Canyon Diablo, in Arizona, and 
it has a length of about 190 miles. This 
is an area of about 15,000 square miles, 
which is greater than Massachusetts and 
New Jersey together. The Navajos num- 
berabout30,000. Theirnumber has been 
steadily increasing for many years, it was 
9,000 when they were counted in 1869. 
They were not mentioned by travelers 
prior to 1629, and apparently began as 
a small offshoot of the Apaches. They 
call themselves Dinneh, meaning ‘‘the 
ple.’’ The Spaniards called them 
‘Apaches de Navajé,” from Navahu, 
igua pueblo in 
branches, and they vices 8 move from 
place to place. Usually a few families 
live near together, and ae congregate 
about watering places an posts. 
The women weave their famous blankets, 
which bring them nearly $500,000 a year, 
and men and boys tend their sheep and 
ment, and with very few requirements 
beyond the simplest necessities. They 
