THE SANTA FE ROUTE. 
55 
At Hoehne a broad area of the Pierre shale ‘is entered. It extends 
to the base of the cliffs of Trinidad sandstone, 10 to 15 miles west 
Hoehne, 
vatior 
Population 852.* 
Kansas City 642 miles. 
and south of Hoehne. 
feet, Milepost 627 is a narrow dike of igneous rock, prob- 
ably an extension of one of those connected with the 
intrusion of the igneous mass in the Spanish Peaks. 
A short distance beyond 
On account of the hardness of the rock, this dike makes a low but 
ree ridge a short distance west of the railway. 
t Elmoro are extensive ovens in which the coal of the Trinidad 
field is made into coke,? for use in blast furnaces and smelters. Many 
exicans reside in the vicinity of Elmoro and Trini- 
Elmoro. d 
ion 
Kansas se 647 Fecha i i 
crucifixion. 
New Mexico belong to this order. 
ad. Some of them belong to the order of ‘‘Peni- 
tentes,” who from intense religious zeal suffer flagel- 
lation and other forms of bodily punishment, even to 
Many Mexicans in southern and central 
Trinidad is a railway division point where all trains stop, some of 
them for meals at the Hotel Cardenas (car’day-nas), built in the 
mission style. 
Trinidad. 
Elevation 5,967 feet. 
phate 10,204, 
ity 652 miles. 
white man to see Sak 
The hotel is named in honor of Garefa 
Lépez de Cardenas, who accompanied Coronado’s ex- 
pedition and was sent by him to find the great river 
of which the Indians spoke. 
the Grand Canyon, and Cardenas was the first 
This was the Colorado 
Trinidad owes much of its importance to the coal mining in the 
surrounding hills. 
It is also a railway center, 
ranches in the adjoining region which bring considerable trade. 
and there are many 
It 
is the terminus of a branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad and 
1 The Pierre shale is about 1,200 feet 
thick. It consists of a remarkably uni- 
form succession of thin layers of compact 
dark-gray to black clay, representing a 
large part of the later Cretaceous succes- 
sion in a wide area of the central Great 
Plains. It was deposited while this broad 
area continued to be occupied by the sea, 
which the Pierre shale consists. 
material was a sediment from muddy 
waters, it was undoubtedly deposited 
slowly, and therefore a long time was re- 
quired for the accumulation of so thick a 
tia marine origin is indicated 
ous remains of shells of many 
kinds which lived only in sea water. The 
Pierre shale is not well exposed along the 
Santa Fe route, for, owing to its softness, 
it has been washed down into gentle 
slopes, mostly covered with 
? Coke is the product obtained by the 
distillation or partial combustion of cer- 
ades of bituminous coal in retorts, 
or ovens, at high temperatures. When 
admission of a limited a ae of air into 
bustion of the volatile mat 
coal only. In retorts the heat is applied 
through flues on the outside of the retort 
by the combustion of the gases distilled 
from the coal. By either process the coal 
is changed into the colhelat, silvery pro- 
duct known as “coke. the Trinid 
region the former method is the only one 
employed. 
