74 GUIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 
only Acoma and possibly Isleta (ees-lay’ta) are on the same sites as 
before the revolt of 1680. 
The Pueblo houses are of uniform architecture, built of stone or 
adobes in terraces one upon another, the roof of one house being the 
yard of the next. Ladders were used both for exterior and interior 
climbing. Entrance was effected through a hole in the roof, through 
which also the smoke escaped. Doors, chimneys, and the dome- 
shaped ovens which seem so characteristic now were all introduced 
by the Spaniards. The women built the houses and later the 
churches as well. 
The Pueblo people have always been weavers and potters, and it 
is believed that the ‘‘Navajo blanket” was introduced to the Navajos 
by Pueblo women. They raised cotton prior to the conquest, and 
the Spaniards introduced sheep. The Spaniards imposed an annual 
tax on the Indians of a yard of cotton cloth and a bushel of corn 
from each house. 3 
In general the Spaniards were received with hospitality on their 
arrival in 1540, but the lightness with which Coronado viewed his 
promises to the Indians caused serious hostility. Not until Juan de 
Onate (ohn-yah’tay) arrived in 1598 were the Pueblo tribes favor- 
ably influenced toward civilization. Ofate divided the country 
into districts, to each of which a priest was assigned. Missionary 
work flourished during the seventeenth century until the successful 
revolt of the Indians against the civil authorities in 1680. Then for 
12 years the Pueblo people were free from Spanish dominion, but as 
during this time they were also deprived of Spanish protection, they 
suffered from the attacks of their ancient enemies, especially the 
Navajos and the Apaches. They were reconquered in 1692 by De 
Vargas, probably the greatest of the Spanish governors, and since 
then the Pueblo Indians have been at peace with the white men, 
both Spaniard and American. They still live in pueblos on their own 
land, most of which was covered by Spanish grants and is now in 
Government reservations. Their population has remained for 
several centuries at about 8,000. 
The ruins of one of the most famous of these historic pueblos is 
Pecos, the one above referred to, which lies 3 miles northwest of 
Rowe. In Coronado’s time Pecos was a well-established city, known 
as Cicuye, much admired by the Spaniards. At that time it had two 
communal structures four stories high, with over 500 rooms on the 
ground floor, as well as other buildings, and a population estimated 
between 10,000 and 20,000. In 1617 the Indians erected an elaborate 
church, with four high towers, and a convent, under the encourage- 
ment of the missionaries, who established schools of reading, writing, 
and music. These Indians belonged to the Jémez (hay’mace) tribe, 
though their isolation led to their being considered a separate nation, __ 
