106 GUIDEBOOK OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES. 
resume depredations, and about 1,000 settlers were killed. Most of 
the mining operations were discontinued, and the few white people 
who remained fortified themselves in Tucson, which was taken by the 
Confederates and held until Union troops came from California. 
After the war also there was much bloodshed by Indians, who killed 
about 400 settlers. Gen. Crook subdued the Apaches in 1873 and 
concentrated them in a reservation, but there were many serious 
outbursts later under Victorio and Geronimo, with numerous mas- 
sacres. Victorio was killed in an engagement in 1863, but it was not 
until 1886 that Gen. Miles forced Geronimo to surrender, and then the 
Apaches were removed to other States. The Indians were difficult 
to fight, for they avoided open engagements and could travel fast 
and far on their ponies. 
The Southern Pacific Railroad was built through Arizona in 1880, 
and the Atlantic & Pacific (now a part of the Santa Fe system) in 
1883. 
The history of the aborigines in Arizona is extensive, for on plains, 
on mesas, and in the cliffs there are many ruins of places occupied 
by the early people. Some of these ruins must be very old. How- 
ever, it is believed that the number of people living in the region at 
any time may not have been great, for the aborigines frequently 
moved from place to place. The early expeditions of the Spanish 
explorers found many pueblos. The first Spaniard to enter Arizona 
was Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan friar who crossed its southwest 
corner in 1539. A year later Niza led Coronado to the Pueblo 
country, and two small expeditions from this great exploring party 
visited the Hopi country. The present Indian population of the 
State is nearly 42,000. : 
About a mile west of Lupton the Zuni and Wingate sandstones, 
which passed underground 3 miles east of Gallup, rise rapidly in 
: succession, especially to the north of the railway, 
Lupton, ave where the dips are steep for some distance. (See 
aie gad a “& PL XIX, B,p. 103.) South of Lupton and extending 
to a point south of milepost 181 there are high cliffs 
rapidly into rocks of this character. One of the most notable 2 _ 
, B. It is some distance - 
