THE SANTA FE ROUTE. 111 
Winslow. They are in a reservation about 50 by 70 miles in extent 
which the Government has set aside for the Hopis. 
The first white men to visit the Hopi Indians were the mem- 
bers of a party under Pedro de Tovar (toe-vahr’), sent by Coronado. 
At that time seven villages constituted the province of Tusayan 
(too-sah’yan), as it was subsequently known. These were in the 
neighborhood of the present Hopi villages, but the Hopi Indians 
claim as ancestral homes ruins found as far away as Verde River and 
the Rio Grande. The present Hopi villages are the objective point 
of many tourists, especially on the occasion of the far-famed snake 
dance, which occurs in August. 
For centuries the Pueblo people of this arid climate have been 
developing the Indian maize, a peculiar corn with wonderful drought- 
resisting properties. It is planted from 6 to 12 inches below the 
surface, the depth depending on the condition of the soil, and the long 
single root goes deep to gather the scant moisture of the sandy soil. 
A stem also extends straight to the surface and there concentrates 
its energy in seed development, with only a few straggly leaves from 
its short stalk. Consequently a field of maize presents a very poor 
appearance compared with an eastern cornfield. However, if there 
is a little rainfall at the critical part of the growing season, it yields a 
fair crop. 
The climate of this region is typical of much of the higher portions 
of Arizona, with its scanty rainfall and large percentage of cloudless 
days (about 60 per cent). The days are dry and hot in summer, but 
the night temperatures are usually 40° cooler. At Holbrook the 
mean annual precipitation is 9.16 inches and the mean annual tem- 
perature 54.2°.- At Winslow the precipitation is 7 inches and the 
temperature 55°, while Flagstaff, on the plateau 2,000 feet higher, 
has nearly 24 inches of rainfall and a much lower temperature, 44.7°. 
Winslow is on the red sandstones and shales of the Moencopie 
formation. To the northeast these rocks pass under the Shinarump 
conglomerate, the outcrop of which extends across the country in 
low bluffs that may be observed 6 miles northeast of Winslow. 
1The name Hopi means ‘‘peaceful { their gods to send water for the crops. 
ones,’’ and the (to them) very unaccept- | They are monogamusts and 
able word Moki, sometimes applied to iage ties. Murder is unknown among 
_ them by other Indians, is derisive, mean- | them, theft rare, and lying deprecated. 
ing “‘dead ones.”” They are Shoshonean | They now number about 2,100, = 
in language, but are a composite of various | diminished considerably in the ape: 
stocks. They are intelligent, thrifty, | years. te reported — Beard 
tractable, hospitable, and frugal. Their | in 1774 and only 798 were record 
lives are full of toil to rai id | 1780, more than 6,000 having died of 
region, and full of prayers and religious | disease. A very large proportion of them 
ceremonies largely intended to persuade | have trachoma. : 
