96 



where Dr. Chapman met with the species in large numbers. He 

 very kindly handed over all his captures to me, and when they came 

 off the boards I found I was in possession of a very fine series of 

 rather more than seventy specimens. A fair selection of these I 

 exhibit to-night. It will be noticed that among them the distinct 

 sexual characters exhibited by the Scotch specimens break down, 

 and that some of the males are inclined to show traces of the pale 

 markings we have learned to attach to the female sex. 



I would specially call your attention to the first fifteen specimens 

 on the lower side of the box. These are made up of Scotch, Cogne 

 Valley, and Grauson Valley specimens mixed, and they show no differ- 

 ence whatever, either in tint, coloration, or size. In fact, whatever 

 name must be applied to the Scotch specimens must be applied to 

 all the insects in this part of the exhibit : yet you will observe that 

 the specimens following these gradually develop into strongly marked 

 forms, differing but little in their extremes from the Lauzon specimens. 



I have mixed the insects thus, because I know the usual antipathy 

 there is among British collectors in accepting any Continental form 

 of a local British species as similar to and identical with our own. 

 I remember, on the occasion of an exhibit in this room, where two 

 series of the same species of insect, from different localities, were 

 mixed up to show how identical the forms were, that a prominent 

 member of this Society said he could see a great difference in the 

 specimens, selected the two sets correctly, much to the astonish- 

 ment of many other members, who agreed with the exhibitor as to 

 the identity of the forms, and who afterwards candidly told me that 

 he had been able to select them because one lot were on gilt, the 

 other on white pins ! I can assure members present to-night that 

 these specimens of Z. exulans are not to be thus separated, and that 

 the insects set on black pins are not all Scotch, nor those on white 

 pins Piedmontese specimens. I shall be pleased to point out 

 which are Scotch and which Piedmontese to any member after the 

 meeting. 



This part of the Grauson Valley and Cogne Valley specimens are 

 identical with the Scotch. It will be remembered that so far as 

 characters go, Dr. White considered the Scotch specimens inter- 

 mediate between the type and the var. vmiadis. But Dr. White, 

 like the rest of us, considered the bright Swiss specimens the type, 

 an error which may easily be proved by reference to the original 

 description. In fact, (i) the type ; (2) the Cogne, Grauson, and 

 Scotch specimens ; (3) the var. vanadis, from Lapland, are so 

 closely united that one hardly knows how to separate them. 

 Evidently the vanadis of the Lapland authors, Dalman, Zetterstedt, 

 etc., is simply the female of the dark forms of exulans, the male 

 being called by these entomologists by the latter name. Dalman 

 compares the colour and position of the red spots with those of Z. 

 lonicerce, the only moderately common Zygczna, it would appear, then 

 known in Scandinavia. If, however, these are to be separated at 



