Photo by Frederick Moore 

 MONTENEGRIKT S0LDIE;RS ON THE) HE^IGHTS ABOVE THE; AUSTRIAN COAST 



partisans of the faith, who encouraged 

 and employed the spirit of Islam, which 

 the great majority of the ignorant people 

 of Turkey possess. Some of the Turks 

 fight well — as, for instance, at Adrianople, 

 at Scutari, and at Jannina — and some do 

 not. 



The trouble rests with the organiza- 

 tion of the Turkish government, which 

 is so incompetent and corrupt that no 

 standard of fighting efficiency can be 

 maintained. If any one army or single 

 garrison fights well it is because that 

 garrison is properly controlled and led. 



THE REASON WHY THE TURK HAS FAILED 



As a whole the nation cannot and will 

 not, because of internal political jealous- 

 ies, work in unison, work zealously and 

 honestly. The killing of Nazim Pasha is 

 a case in point, and also the memorable 

 delinquency of the palace clique in ignor- 



ing persistently the appeals of Osman 

 Pasha, the commander of Plevna, for re- 

 lief and reinforcements in 1877. Many 

 of the Turks would rather see the enemy 

 win than that their poHtical rivals should 

 hold office. 



As this war has brought out, there 

 are great defects of organization in the 

 Turkish army. Whole regiments, for in- 

 stance, were sent to the front during the 

 mobilization with few or no officers, the 

 officers joining the men in the camp or 

 even on the battlefield. 



In former days, as, for example, at 

 Plevna — as no doubt in Adrianople, Scu- 

 tari, and Jannina today — men and offi- 

 cers shared the hardships in common, 

 suffered together, and sympathized one 

 with another. Too many officers of the 

 new school, who reside mostly at Con- 

 stantinople, do not know their men, and 

 are consequently mistrusted by them. 



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