The Stone Reefs of Brazil^ their Geological and Geographical 

 Relations, ivith a Chapter on the Coral Reefs. 



By John Casper Branner. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PAGE 



I. Introduction 4 



II. Sketch of the Geology of the Coast in its Relations to the 



Stone and Cokal Reefs 8 



Pre-Cretaceous 8 



The Cretaceous 9 



What is the age of tlie Bahia beds ? 9 



Conclusion regarding the Bahia beds 11 



The age of other coast sediments 13 



Tlie relation of color to age 18 



The Tertiary beds of the Amazonas 25 



The later Tertiary deposits 27 



Recent deposits 31 



Conclusions regarding the geology of the coast 32 



III. Detailed Descriptions of the Sandstone Reefs 34 



Tlie Ceara stone reef 34 



The stone reef at Rio Grande do Norte 35 



The Pirangy rock reef 40 



The stone reefs of the Cunhalm and Sibauma 40 



The Traipao stone reef 45 



The Mamanguape stone reef 47 



The consolidated beaches of Parahyba do Norte 55 



The Pedra de Gale' or Goyanna stone reef 56 



The Rio Doce stone reef 59 



The Pernambuco stone reef 60 



The beach reef at Piedade 67 



The stone reef at Venda Grande, Pernambuco 68 



The Gaibu stone reef 69 



The stone reef south of Cabo Santo Agostinho 71 



The beach rocks at Porto de GaUinhas 78 



The Cacimba and Serinhaem stone reefs 79 



The stone reef of Santo Alei.xo 80 



The sandstone reef of Rio Formoso 81 



The stone reefs of the Rio Sapucahy, Alagoas 88 



The stone reefs of the Pratagy, Alagoas 91 



The stone reefs of Bahia 93 



The stone reef at Santa Cruz 95 



The stone reef of Porto Seguro 97 



Notes upon little-known stone reefs 99 



Miscellaneous localities 101 



VOL. XLIV. 1 



