branner: the stone reefs of brazil. 115 



Sao Miguel on the coast of Alagoas, but he gives no description of 

 them.^ 



Gabriel Soares de Souza, who lived iu Brazil from 1570 to 1587, gives 

 the earliest statements regarding the nature and extent of the reefs, 

 though he makes no distinction between stone reefs and coral reefs. 

 He notes, however, that the reef at Bahia was covered at high tide. 

 There can be no doubt that he refers in this case to the sandstone reefs, 

 for he says that the rock was used for building purposes in the city of 

 Bahia, — a fact to which many of the old houses still bear witness. He 

 also says that the reef rock is made of sand, and that it often contains 

 oyster and other shells and pebbles.^ 



In 1625 Pm-chas speaks of the reefs at " Femambuquo " as "Clifts 

 as if it were made by Bricklayers, no higher in one place than in 

 another, but all eueu." ' 



The cuts of the Pernambuco reef reproduced by A^arnhagem were first 

 printed in 1630,* and appeared also in the original of Dapper's "Die 

 Unbekante Neue Welt," in 1671.^ 



Joannes de Laet, one of the directors of the West India Company, 

 who lived at Pernambuco from 1630 to 1636, published a map show- 

 ing the reefs south of Cape Santo Agostinho and at Rio Grande do 

 Norte.® 



1 Diaro da Navegagao da armada que foi a terra do Brazil era 1530 sob a capi- 

 tania-mor de Martim Affonso de Souza. Escripto por seu irmao Pero Lopes de 

 Souza, p. 14-15. Lisboa, 1839. 



2 Noticia do Brazil. Published anonymously at Lisbon in 1825 by the Academia 

 Real das Sciences as Vol. III., Pt. I., of the " CollecQao de Noticias para a historia," 

 etc. 



Tratado descriptivo do Brazil em 1587. Por Gabriel Soares de Souza. Revista 

 do Instituto Historico e Geograpliico do Brazil, 1851, XIV., p. 25, 27, 31, 33, 354. 



3 Purchas, his pilgrimes, in five bookes. Vol. IV., Chap. VII., p. 1238. London, 

 1625. 



* Historia geral do Brazil. Pelo Visconde de Porto Seguro, 2 a. ed.. Vol. I. opp. 

 p. 352 and 504. Rio de Janeiro (circa 1875). 



5 Dr. O. D(apper). Die Unbekante Neue Welt. Amsterdam, 1673. The orig- 

 inal was written in Dutch by Arnoldus Montanus, and was published at Amster- 

 dam in 1671. Wlien translated into German, the book was ascribed to Dr. O. D. 

 (Dr. O. Dapper) in whose collection it appeared. See bibliographical and histori- 

 cal essay on the Dutch books and pamphlets relating to New Netherland. By 

 E. M. Asher. Amsterdam, 1854-67, p. 23 ; also Les Hollandais au Bresil. Par 

 P. M. Netscher, p. xvii. La Haye, 1853. 



^ Historie ofte laerlijck Verhael van de Verrichtigen der Geoctroyeerde "West 

 Indische Compagnie Zedert haer Vegin tot het eynde van't jaer 1636. Leyden, 

 1644. 



