BRANNER : THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. 203 



Bayern, Therese Prinzessin Von. Meine Reise in den Brasilianischen 

 Tropen, von Therese Prinzessin von Bayern (Th. von Bayer). Ber- 

 lin, 1897. 

 This writer passed through the Sao Eoque <;hannel in a small coasting 

 steamer, and mentions the reefs there, but does not say whether they are 

 stone or coral reefs (p. 204). She notes the interesting fact that at 

 Touros the palms have their trunks all leaning toward the northwest on 

 account of the predominating direction of the winds (p. 204). The 

 Natal reef is spoken of as a stone reef (p. 205). A photograph of the 

 Pernambuco reef is reproduced and the reef mentioned as being of sand- 

 stone (p. 213). 



Belmar, A. de. Voyage aux Provinces Bresiliennes du Para et des 

 Amazones en 1860, Londres, 1861, 42. 

 " Toute la cote est defendue par cette longue cordillere sous-marine 

 qui, de Santa Catherina jusqu'au Para, cotoie le littoral americain." By 

 tliis submarine mountain chain is meant the stone reef at Pernambuco. 



B^renger. See Fourni^. 



Caminha, Pero Vaz de. Carta de Pero Vaz de Caminha published in 



a foot-note in the Corografia Brazilica de Manuel Ayres de Cazal, 



Rio de Janeiro, 1817, Vol. I. 12 to 34. It is also republished in 



modern Portuguese in the Revista do Institute Historico do Brazil, 



1877, XL. pt. II., p. 13-37. 



This letter of Vaz de Caminha, one of the companions of Cabral, the 



discoverer of Brazil, was dated at Porto Seguro, May 1, 1500. It gives 



no specific information about the reef, but it contains the earliest record 



of its existence, — that at Porto Seguro, — which he speaks of as " a reef 



having a very good and secure port inside of it." (p. 15.) 



Capanema, Guilherme S. de. Trabalhos da Commissao Scientifica de 

 Exploragao I., Introducgao, Rio Janeiro, 1862, p. cxxi-cxxii. 

 This paper is the preliminary report of the geological section of the 

 commission. The autlior examined tlie reef rock near the lighthouse at 

 Bahia. He says : "There is a psammite there still in process of forma- 

 tion ; the rock is sand cemented with lime, possibly derived from the 

 corals whose heads are destroyed as fast they emerge. This rock, which 

 is identical with that of the Peloponnesus and of the Antilles, is one more 

 proof of the elevation of our coast, for while it is of submarine origin, it 

 is broken above liigli-tide level. Instead of palaeontological documents, 

 it contains some that show the very recent date of the consolidation of 

 these sands ; I refer to bits of broken pottery." 



