216 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology. 



Nieuhoff. John. Voyages and travels into Brazil, with a particular ac- 

 count of all the remarkable passages that happened during the 

 author's stay of nine years in Brazil (first half of the seventeenth 

 century). Vol. XIV. (p. 697-881) of Pinkerton's collection of 

 Voyages and Travels. London, 1813. 

 The Pernambuco reef is described on pages 708-709. He says that 

 " the whole coast of Brazil is, from one end to the other, surrounded 

 with a long, thick, and flat ridge of rocks, which in some places is twenty 

 and in other thirty paces broad ; however, there are certain passages in 

 this ridge through which the ships approach the shore and some few 

 places, where this ridge is not to be found at all." He says that " at 

 low tide most of those rocks appear above water; though the tide never 

 fails to cover the same." He generally speaks of the reef as the "stony 

 reef." 



For the original edition of Nieuhof's book, see the preceding title. 



Nieuhoff, Johu. Voyages and travels into Brazil and the East-Iudies : 

 containing an exact description of the Dutch Brasil . . . with a 

 most particular account of all the remarkable passages that happened 

 during the author's stay of nine years in Brasil (1640-1649). Trans- 

 lated from the Dutch original. Loudon, printed for Awaisham and 

 John Churchill at the Black Swan in Pater Noster Row, 1703, 4°, ill. 

 The author, who was very familiar with the northeast coast of Brazil, 

 states (p. 9) that " the whole coast of Brasil is from one end to the 

 other, surrounded with a long, thick and flat ridge of Eocks, which in 

 some places is 20 and in others 30 Paces broad : However there are 

 certain Passages in this Ridge through which the Ships approach the 

 Shoar, and some few Places, where this Ridge is not found at all." He 

 also states that at " Low-Tide most of those Rocks appear above Water; 

 though the Tide never fails to cover the same." Of the reef at Pernam- 

 buco he says : " It is very flat, without any Prominences." 



Olfers, J. F. M. v. Ueber das niedrige Felsenriflf der Kiiste von Brasilien. 



Archiv fUr Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hlittenkunde. 



Herausgegeben von Dr. C. J. B. Karsten. IV., p. 173-183. 



Berlin, 1832. 

 This is the earliest paper written by a geologist, and is one of the 

 most important upon the stone reefs of Brazil. The author distinguishes 

 between the stone and the coral reefs, and describes the rock of the stone 

 reefs so that there can be no misapprehension regarding their character. 

 He expresses the opinion that these reef rocks are of Tertiary age, but he 



