BRANNEIt: THE STONE REEFS OF BRAZIL. 217 



confuses them with the Tertiary rocks of the Bahia basin, with the sand- 

 stones along the Amazonas, and with the rocks forming reefs of both 

 Cretaceous and Tertiary ages along the coast from Abrolhos to Maranhao. 

 He appears to regard the reefs as narrow remnants of the Tertiary beds 

 along the east coast of Brazil. 



M. A. Vital de Oliveira. Eoteiro da costa do Brasil do Rio Mossoro 

 ao Rio de S. Francisco do Norte. Rio de Janeiro, 1864. 

 This work, as the title indicates, is intended for navigators, but it 

 mentions several of the reefs of the coast. One is reported at Murihu, 

 one at Gua9andu and one at Ceara-Merim. That at Natal is said to be 

 uncovered at low tide, and to end at the Ponta do Morcego, a little more 

 than half a league north of Pinto (p. 71-73). Mention is made of the 

 reefs at " Pontal da Susana," Cunhaii, Trai^ao, Mamanguape, etc. No 

 distinction, however, is made between the different kinds of reefs. 



Penn, James. The South American Pilot. Part I. East coast of South 

 America, from Cape St. Roque to Cape Virgins. 4th ed. London, 

 1893. 

 In speaking of the reefs of the northeast coast of Brazil in general this 

 writer says (p. 48) : " The Recife, a singular ridge of coral rock, borders 

 the coast generally at the distance of one-half to three miles, but in some 

 parts much farther off, and extends more or less from the northeast 

 point of Brazil, as far as Bahia ; traces of it may be found more to the 

 southward, and also along the north coast to Maranham. The reef, 

 which is about 16 feet in breadth at the top, slopes off to seaward. ..." 

 In other parts of this work, no distinction is made between the stone and 

 the coral reefs, and the assumption seems to be that they are all coral, 

 though several of the most important stone reefs are mentioned, such as 

 those at Rio Grande do Norte, Trai^ao, Mamanguiipe, Cunhahii, Peruam- 

 buco, and Santo Agostinlio. 



Antonio Bernadino Pereira do Lago. ^lemoria sobre a forte do mar 



em Pernambuco. Published in the Revista do Institute Historico 



e Geographico do Brazil, 1862, p. 589-596. 



This article is without date; it was written after 1814, however. 



The author says the reef (a bank of rock) extends from S. lat. 6^ to 18" ; 



that is, from Rio Grande do Norte to the Abrolhos almost pai-allel 



with the coast, in some places uncovered, in others concealed, here 



nearer the laud and there further from it, and containing breaks or 



passages. 



