BRANNER: THE STONE EEEFS OF BRAZIL. 219 



Porto Seguro, Visconde de. (Francisco Adolpho de Varnhagem.) 



Historia geral do Brazil, antes de sua separa^ao e independencia de 



Portugal. 2a edi5ao. Rio de Janeiro, n. d. Vol. I. 



This work has a steel engraving (facing p. 352) showing the northern 



end of the reef at Pernambuco in 1630. Another (op. p. 504) has a 



view upon the reef looking north from near its southern end. (This 



picture is reduced and changed from one given in " Die Unbekante Neue 



Welt " of Arnoldus Montanus, p. 542, credited to Dr. 0. D. (see Mon- 



tanus above) and made during the Dutch occupancy, probably by Post.) 



Another plate (op. p. 530) gives a plan of the reef south of Cape Santo 



Agostinho, made in 1636. The map of the same reef given herewith, 



and made in 1899, shows that there has been no perceptible change in 



that gi-eat reef since 1636. 



Porto Seguro, Visconde de. Nota acerca de como nao foi na Coroa 



Vermelha ua Enseada de Santa Cruz que Cabral primeiro desem- 



barcou. . . . Acorapanhada do texto integro da carta-chronica . . . 



de Pero Vaz de Caminha. Revista do Instituto Historico do Brazil, 



1877, XL., pt. II., p. 5-37. '" 



"Rio Buranhem, before entering the ocean at about lat. 16° 25' S. 



meets a reef which runs parallel to the coast, nearly north-south, like that 



at Pernambuco. . . . This reef is well above low tide, in some places it 



has mangue bushes on it and in others sandy beaches " (p. 5). 



Purchas. Purchas his pilgrimes, in five bookes. London, 1625. Vol. 

 IV. Chap. 7, § 5, p. 1238. 



"This place ('Arecias') is a league from Fernambuquo, being the 

 harbour where all the Shipping that goes from Fernambuquo doe arriue ; 

 from this place to the Cape you shall see the Clifts as it were a wall made 

 by Bricklayers, no higher in one place than in another, but all euen." 



It is also stated that these " clifts," that is, the reefs, " lye along the 

 coast as farre as the Riuer Saint Francis." 



Rathbun, Richard. A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on 

 their distribution, etc. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy 

 of Arts and Sciences, 1879, V., p. 139-158. 

 The echinoderms listed in this paper are partly from the stone reefs 



of Rio Formoso and Pernambuco. 



Rathbun, Richard. Brazilian corals and coral reefs. American Xatn- 

 ralist, 1879, XIIL, p. 539-551. 

 In this article ]\Ir. Rathbun remarks that the stone and coral reefs of 

 Brazil arc nearly coexistive, " but while the stone reefs are always con- 



