222 BULLETIN : MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, 



The original Tupi name appears to have been Parand-buc, meaning the sea 

 breaks, referring to the surf breaking on the reef. See Tupi na geo- 

 graphia nacionaJ. Por Theodoro Sampaio, p. 52 and 146. S. Paulo, 1901. 



Roussin, Le Baron. Le pilote du Bresil, ou description des cotes de 

 I'Amerique Meridionale. Paris, 1827. 



Speaking of the coast between Sta. Catherina and Maranhao (p. 34), 

 Roussin says it is skirted its whole length, except at certain intervals, 

 by two lines of shoals (enveloppee de deux ceintures de hauts-fouds). 

 The inner one of these fringes the shore with its rocks, especially from 

 Cape Frio to Maranhao, " often at sea level, sometimes rising above it 

 from one to ten feet, more commonly submerged." He states that by 

 breaks in this reef almost all the ports of the coast are formed. A 

 partial list of those believed to be so formed is given (p. 34). The 

 theory advanced by this writer to explain the reefs is that they are due 

 " in part to tlie heavy surf." He conceived that the waves charged 

 with the debris of the shore were throwu back upon themselves (p. 35) ; 

 " but this movement of repulsion cannot fail to be counteracted by the 

 contrai'y pressure of the ocean mass ; and there must result a sort of 

 stagnation of the waters at a certain distance from the coast and the 

 materials brought away must be deposited at this point of repose." He 

 adds in a footnote that this explanation does not apply to the uncovered 

 rocks, but to the shoals connecting them. 



He mentions several of the stone reefs of the coast, but gives no 

 specific information except such as might be useful to sailing masters. 



Saint-Adolphe, J. C. R. Milliet de. Diccionario geographic© historico 

 e descriptivo do Imperio do Brazil. . . . Por J. C. R. Milliet de Saint- 

 Adolphe e transladada, . . . pelo Dr. Caetano Lopes de Moura. 

 Tomo II. Paris, 1845, p. 292. 

 " All of Brazil, like the province " (of Pernambuco), " is protected from 

 the waves of the sea by a natural wall of reefs broken here and there to 

 give passage to the streams, ft-om the city of Bahia to the ponta de 

 Touros in the province of Rio Grande do ^Xorte." This writer mentions 

 several reefs in front of certain ports along the coast, but there is 

 nothing to show the nature of them. 



Serres, Marcel de. Snr les coquilles petrifiees des environs de Bahia. 

 Compt. Rend. 1854, XXXVII., p. 362-3G3. 

 A short note referring to the views of Spix and ]\Iartius upon the 

 Bahia reef sandstone. He thinks that those authors overlooked the 

 fact that the shells in the Bahia rocks show that their petrifaction has 

 taken place in our own day. 



