branner: the stone reefs of brazil. 225 



Varnhagem. See Porto Seguro, Visconde de. 



"Wappaeus, J. E. A geographia physica do Brazil. (Edi^ao coiidensada.) 

 Rio de Janeiro, 1884, p. 17-18. 

 From Cape St. Eoque to Olinda, and even to Bahia, there is a narrow 

 bank of coral which begins to appear at Ceara. In places this connects 

 with the shore, at others it is three hundred to four hundred metres 

 away or even still farther. At some places tlie reef is broken, forming 

 passages for vessels and even harbors, as at Pernambuco and Rio Grande 

 do Norte. 



Resume of the Bibliography. 



The following facts stand out prominently in this bibliography : — 



I. Nearly all the descriptions of the Brazilian stone reefs hitherto 

 published relate to the one at Pernambuco, due no doubt to the fact 

 that Pernambuco is the most important port of Brazil north of Bahia. 



II. The most valuable papers are those of Darwin, Hartt, Rathbun, 

 Hawkshaw, Fournie, and Beringer. 



in. Except in so far as they show that there has been no important 

 changes in the reefs within historic times other writings have but little 

 or no geologic value. 



No attempt has been made to get together the old maps showing the 

 reefs of this coast, for with very few exceptions these reefs are put down 

 in a more or less conventional manner, without attempting to show their 

 real forms or extent. The earliest of these maps are probably those 

 made under Admiral Lichthart during the Dutch occupancy (1637- 

 44). The original atlas of these beautiful charts is in possession of 

 the Instituto Archeologico e Geographico Pernamlmcano, where the writer 

 had the pleasure of examining and copying them. The same institution 

 has several other maps of Pernambuco of even earlier date. The value 

 of all these maps, however, is historical rather than scientific. 



VOL. XLIV. 15 



