CiRC. 136 



of the trees attain quite stately proportions, The rather backward season will 

 necessitate members restricting their observations to the more fertile beck-courses 

 and the sylvan glades of Trow Gill, ascending towards the chasm of Gaping Gill 

 and the southern and eastern slopes of Ingleborough. The Geologists will visit the 

 Silurian tract in the vicinity of Austwick and the classic group of erratics at 

 Norber. Wharfe, and Feizor, if not too far a-field, will also amply repay botanizing. 

 The limestone abounds with caves, pot-holes, and underground streams containing 

 a variety of life, which will repay investigation. Special facilities have been 

 obtained for the examination of the great Ingleborough Cave, which is traversable 

 for a distance of about half-a-mile. Though originally intended to examine the 

 gritstone tracts of Bolland Knotts, the state of the season will hardly justify 

 members confining themselves to that locality. Those, however, who are passing 

 the week-end at Clapham, will enjoy a ramble over the moors to the summit of the 

 Bolland Road (1,400 ft.), irom which there is a wide and interesting panorama. 



ROUTES. — All parties will leave Clapham Station at 10-30 a.m. 



I.— Mr. Reginald J. Farrer will conduct the general body of naturalists in the 

 immediate vicinity of Clapham. 



II. — Geologists will, under the leadership of Mr. Benj. Holgate, F.G.S., arrive 

 at the cave at 11-15 a.m. (Conveyances for those who order) ; the cave will be lefi 

 at about 12-40; the stile af head of valley above Trow Ghyll, 1-40; to Gaping 

 (ihyll Hole and back 'to the stile, 2-40 ; the party will return towards the foot of 

 Trow Ghyll. These hours will afford plenty of time for the work to be done, and 

 if any time is gained, members wishing to see the Norber Erratics may cross over 

 there, and return to the 'Flying Horse Shoe' by 5 p.m. ; 2f hours at least are re- 

 quired to proceed from Trow Ghyll to Norber and back to Clapham. 



INGLEBOROUGH CAVE. — A reduced charge of 8d. each for admission 

 will be made to Members and Associates showing their cards. 



CONVEYANCES. — From Station to village, conveyances will be provided, 

 fare 6d. , for members ordering in advance from the Flying Horse Shoe Inn. 



GEOLOGY OF CLAPHAM.— Mr. B. Holgate, F.G.S., writes that the 

 objects of interest in the immediate neighbourhood are : To the north and west, the 

 Clapham Beck, with its waterfalls, rapids, and underground stream from Gaping 

 Ghyll Hole, the Cave, Trow Ghyll, the dry valley both below and above it, the 

 remains of Ghylls which were in their time similar to Gaping Ghyll, which now 

 draws off the water that formerly went through them, the valleys along which the 

 streams ran to feed these Ghylls, and the Gaping Ghyll Hole. The cave is of 

 little interest to the archreologist, no remains either of flint implements or bones 

 having been found in it, but it is of surpassing interest to the physical geologist 

 and to those who wish to study the formation of different forms of stalactites and 

 stalagmites, for here we see the pipe stalactite which does not drop and is hollow, 

 the stalactites enlarged from the outside and in length at the same time ; the stalag- 

 mites, some with the corresponding stalactite above them and some without ; here 

 we also clearly see the formation of tufa. Until 1837 the cave was only open for 

 about eighty yards, further access being stopped by two lakes of water at different 

 levels, one behind the other. The way in which they slowly built up their own 

 barrier and raised their edges higher and higher, so making the water deeper, may 

 be clearly seen ; also the way in which tufa collected about the pendant stalactites 

 show how this class of lime is formed. The remains of an ancient pebbly con- 

 glomerate show the great amount of wear to which the cave has been subjected 

 since that period when this conglomerate formed the pebbly floor. The careful 

 manner in which the cave has been preserved bring out in the best form the above 

 facts, and Mr. H. Harrison, the guide, takes the greatest interest and makes it his 

 study. Leaving the cave and proceeding up Trow Ghyll, we have evidence of the 

 ancient bed of the beck, now no longer in action. At the head of Trow Ghyll Nick 

 the marks still remain of water as it seethed in a turbulent stream from side to side 

 in its rapid and broken course. At the head of this dry valley we have two deep 

 ghylls, now partially filled, probably by huge blocks of stone blocking the upper 

 part of them. These are similar to the Gaping Ghyll Hole, have been fed by the 

 same beck ; the dry water-courses are still visible which fed them, and which at 

 that time passed over Gaping Ghyll Hole without falling into it. Care must be 

 taken in approaching Gaping Ghyll, as it is unprotected. To the east of Clapham, 



