CiRC. T40 



BIRD PROTECTION.— It is satisfactory to know that the Spurn district 

 is an absolutely protected area, within which no birds may be shot nor any nests or 

 eggs taken. 



SATURDAY'S ROUTES.— Members spending the week-end will do well 

 to devote special attention to the extreme point of the Spurn, for which there will 

 not be very much time for those taking the Monday only. 



Mr. H. Bendelack Hewetson, F.L.S., of Easington, offers the use of his yacht, 

 boat, trawl, etc , to members spending the week-end. Subject to weather and 

 tides they will be available during Saturday. 



SATURDAY EVENING'S PROGRAMME.— Mr. Hewetson invites 

 members to visit his excellent series of local erratics, fossils, and mammalian remains 

 from the glacial and post-glacial beds of the vicinity, and will say a few words on 

 them. It is hoped that members will also be able to inspect Mr. Loten's birds. 



MONDAY'S ROUTES.— The first party of members will take the 7-0 

 a.m. train from Hull (Paragon Station), reaching Withernsea at 7-45 a.m. 



The second or main party will leave Hull liy the 9-50 a.m. train, reaching 

 Withernsea at 10-51 a.m. 



Conveyances will be in readiness for both parties, to drive them to Kilnsea 

 Warren, which will be reached about 9-30 a.m. and 12-30 p.m. respectively. 



I.— Thegeneral bodyof Naturalists, led by Messrs. J. Cordeaux, J. P. , M. B O. U. , 

 H. Bendelack Hewetson, F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., F. Boyes, and C. Waterfall, 

 will explore the narrow strip of land between Kilnsea and the Lighthouse. 



II. — The Geologists, led by local workers, will leave the waggonettes at Out 

 Newton, and examine the cliff sections between that place and Easington. The 

 Basement Clay with its contained Marine shells, the "Purple" and " Hessle " 

 Clays are well exposed, and an excellent opportunity will be afforded for collecting 

 Scandinavian and other erratics. 



MONDAY'S CONVEYANCES.— Thechargeforthedrivefrom Withernsea 

 to Kilnsea Warren and back will be 2/- for those who order from Mr. Sheppard, 

 at Withernsea, on or before Saturday, 30th July. There will be no guarantee what- 

 ever of conveyances if not so ordered. In writing for waggonette accommodation 

 members should distinctly state by which train they will reach Withernsea. 



GEOLOGY.— Of this neighbourhood Mr. Alfred Harker, M.A., F.G.S., 

 writes : — Excepting certain superficial deposits Holderness is built entirely of glacial 

 accumulations. At the beginning of the Great Ice Age the district was a broad bay, 

 the coast-line corresponding roughly with the eastern boundary of the chalk as now 

 exposed. The great Norwegian ice-sheet advanced across the North Sea until it 

 reached the cliffs of Yorkshire, which it over-rode only to a slight extent. It 

 dammed back, however, the British ice which was thus diverted in a southerly 

 direction. The main branch of this native ice was the great Teesdale glacier, 

 which headed probably in the Lake District of Cumberland. The higher part of 

 the chalk wolds was never covered by ice. The coast-line of Yorkshire, and 

 especially the Bay of Holderness, was the battle field of the two opposing ice-streams, 

 and in the mingled terminal moraines, which form the Basement Boulder Clay, 

 we find boulders of the gneisses, crystalline schists, and peculiar igneous rocks of 

 Norway side by side with the local chalk and Jurassic rocks, the Carboniferous 

 strata and Whin Sill of Teesdale, and stray specimens from the Cumberland Hills 

 and the Eden Valley. This basement clay is seen at Dimlington. There and else- 

 where shell-bearing patches have been exposed, representing portions of the sea 

 bottom ploughed up by the front of the Norwegian ice-sheet. The next stage in the 

 history was a partial recession of the ice, so that in certain tracts stratified silt, 

 sand, and gravel were irregularly laid down, while elsewhere boulder-clay (the 

 ' Purple Clay ') continued to form. This intermediate series is followed in the 

 Holderness sections by the Upper Boulder Clay (including the reddish ' Hessle Clay'. 

 The preponderance of Yorkshire rocks among the boulders is greater than in the 

 Basement Clay. 



The most striking geological process now in progress in the district is the rapid 

 destruction of the coast by the sea, the loss, despite various protective works, being 

 estimated at between two or three yards per annum. Owing to this cause 

 and the shifting of the beach by storms, the sections exposed in the clifts are 

 continually changing, and any detailed description would be of little use after a 

 short lapse of time. 



