CiRC. 154. 

 Fault. On the north side the village of Grassington rests on the Mountain or Scar 

 Limestone, which is well seen in the scars behind Grass Woods, extending towards 

 Coniston and Kettlewell. To the Scar Limestone succeed members of the Yore- 

 dale series, with the Millstone Grit forming the higher fells and summits. The 

 Craven Fault runs below the village, and between this and Skipton the southern 

 type of rocks comes in. These are much folded. At Cracoe the Pendleside 

 Limestone comes in, and from this point towards the Fault it swells into a series of 

 conical or rounded hills, which form one of the most interesting features of the 

 geology of the district, and are very fossiliferous- Mr. Tiddeman calls these 'reef- 

 knolls,' and thinks they have been built up by marine organisms, in a slowly 

 sinking area, very much as coral reefs have. Mr. J. E. Marr, however, argues, in 

 a paper read before the Geological Society, that they are due to earth movements. 



References : — Tiddeman, Brit. Assoc. Report, 1889 ; Tiddeman, Brit. Assoc. 

 Handbook, 1890, Leeds Meeting; Marr, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.vol. 55, no. 219; 

 Dakyns, ditto. 



BOTANY.— Flowering Plants.— 



Mr. L. Rotheray states that the district offers a rich and varied field to the 

 botanist, owing in a great measure to its being situated on the mountain or carbon- 

 iferous limestone, the scars of which offer a good and safe habitat for many rare and 

 interesting species of limestone-loving plants. Especially is this so at Grass Wood, 

 an old and very extensive piece of woodland, well stocked with trees and shrubs, 

 thickly interspersed with an undergrowth of smaller plants and grass, amongst 

 which are scattered various outcrops of the limestone ; this is intersected with 

 crevices, in which many of the rarer montane species find a home. In such places 

 will be found Thalictrmn minus var. montanuin, Draba incana, Spiraajilipettdula, 

 Heliantheniian vulgare, Rubus saxatile, R. ccesitis, Hippocyepis, Hyperiatin hirsu- 

 tum, Geranutin sanguineutn, Rosa viollis, Epilobuim angtistifoh'u?n, Hieiadum 

 mui-07'iim, H. maciilatum, Polemonium, Arineria maritima, Taxus, Tamils, Paris, 

 Polygonatum officinale, Convallaria, Allium scorodoprasum, Aspleniuiii viride, 

 Polypodinm dryopteris, whilst the following occur in the more grassy and open parts, 

 especially if at all of a moist nature : Trollius, Sagina nodosa, Calainintha clino- 

 podium, Galeobdolon, Prirnula farinosa, Trientalis, Rumex aqtialicus, Ophrys 

 muscifera, and Gymnadenia conopsea. On dry banks, both in the wood and in the 

 lanes and pastures : Aquilegia, Viola odorata, V. lutea, Alsine verna. Geranium 

 sylvaticum, Thlaspi alpestre var. occitanuin, Silene injlata, Cnicus hete^-ophy litis, 

 Centaurea scabiosa, Melampyrum pratense. Origanum, Avena p7-atensis, Koeleria, 

 Brachypodium sylvaticum, Triticum canintim, and others are to be found. Careful 

 attention also deserves to be paid to the river banks in the vicinity of the village. 

 Here are Salix phylicifolia, S. laurinus, Equisetuin sylvaticum, Scirpus paticijlorus, 

 and Carex muricata, and it is very probable that a careful investigation of both sides 

 of the river banks may yield other species which have not yet been recorded for 

 the district. When the varied nature of the ground and its conformation is taken 

 into consideration, the above list does not at all yield a sufficient return for such a 

 wide district, and it is not expressing too much to say that many more species ought 

 to be found than are now given if a searching investigation be made of it. 



Mosses and Hepatics. — Mr. W. West, F. L.S. , writes that the neighbourhood 

 is a fertile one. A large number of species occur, among them being the follow- 

 ing : — Seligeria pusilla, S. acutifolia, S. t^-ifaria, Swartzia montana, Encalypta 

 vulgaris, Trichostomum viiitabile, Barbula intermedia, Zygodon Nowellii, Bar- 

 tratnia CEderi, Breulelia arcuata, Orthothecium rufescens, Cinclidottis fontinaloides, 

 Rhynchostegium murale, Lejeunia calcarea, Asterella hemitpherica, Mettgeria 

 pubescens. 



Lichens, Algae. — Mr. W. West, F.L.S., writes that as far as he knows there 

 are only a few odd records for these groups from this district. 



Fungi. — The late Mr. H. T. Soppitt wrote that Upper Wharfedale is fairly 

 rich in Fungi, especially Uredinece, of which many species have been found during 

 the past few years between Barden and Grass Woods. The rEcidium condition of 

 several interesting species will be found by specially looking for, such as Puccinia 

 phalaridis on Arum maculatum, P. sessilis on Allium ursinum, P. variabilis on 

 Taraxacum officinale, and P. saniculis on Sanicula europcea. Xenodochus carbonarius 

 is abundant in Grass Wood on Burnet, as is also Puccinia andersoni on Carduus 

 heterophyllus, while Phragmidizim sanguisorbcB is not uncommon on Poterium 

 sansiiisorba in the fields. 



