108 DR. C. I. FORSYTH MAJOR OX A [Jlllie 3, 



with the result that on the woni crown-sui'faces triangulai' and 

 oval-shaped patterns replace the trefoils of the ordinary type 

 (PI. IX. fig. 1 ; PI. X. figs. 1, 3, 4, 6). Another consequence of the 

 lesser develojjment of the longitudinal ci'ests in the fossil teeth is 

 the gieater depth and width of the ti'ansveise valley and the 

 space between tooth and tooth ; thus allowing the cusps of the 

 molars in the opposite jaw to insei't themselves in the interstices, 

 so that during mastication the jaws are forced to move in a lateral 

 direction. In Hipjiopotamus proper the crowns are very soon 

 flattened by the longitudinal movement of the jaws. This diiSei-ent 

 mode of wear tends to increase the difierent appearance of the 

 two kinds of molars ; moderately worn teeth of the Cyprus fossil 

 are almost lophodont. 



The lower canines are not grooved as usually in Hippopotamus, 

 but almost smooth, showing only a minute longitudinal striation 

 (PI. IX. figs. 4, 5, 7, 8) ; the same may be said of the incisors 

 (PL IX. fig. 4). Fi'om what I have been able to ascertain, there 

 were four lower incisors, at least in the specimens examined. 



Some incomplete skulls are among the remains. In one of them 

 (PI, X. fig. 5) the lacrymal region is preserved, showing that, 

 unlike what is to be found in H. liheriensis and H. sivalensis, the 

 lacrymal is broadly interposed between the frontal and the maxillary, 

 and an intercalar bone is present at the antero- internal angle of the 

 lacrymal, as is frequently the case in the subfossil Madagascar 

 Hippopotami, and not rarely also in the 3"oung of II. amjyhibius L 



It was natural to compare the fossil from Cyprus in the first 

 place with the Pleistocene small- sized Hijypopotami found in other 

 Mediterranean islands. In Malta caves two species have been 

 found ; the lai-ger of the two. Hippopotamus pentlandi, which is 

 very abundant in Sicilian caves as well, is not much smaller than 

 H. amphihius. The second one, which goes under the name of 

 H. mimcius, is a much smaller species, but still about one-fifth 

 larger than the Cyprus form. Both the Maltese species show 

 agreement with H. amphihius in the trefoil pattei'n of the molai-s, 

 and therefore difi'er from the Cyprus species. 



In the Lower Pliocene lignites of Casino (Tuscany) scanty 

 rem^ains of a Hippopotamus occur ", which agrees with the Cyprus 

 foi'm in the more genei'alized character of the molars ' and in the 

 smoothness of the lower canine's enamel coating. A molar 

 presenting almost the same size was shown to me by Dr. Andi-ews ; 

 it was obtained from Wadi Natrun in Egypt ; the HipjDopotamiis 

 as well as the associated mammalian remains show that Wadi 

 Natrun is about the same age as the lignites of Casino, viz. Lower 

 Pliocene. A description of these remains will shortly be given by 



1 See on these topics mj' observations in Proc. Zool. See. 1896, pp. 976-978 ; as well 

 as in the 'Geological Magazine,' (4) ix. pp. 194-197 (1902). 



2 D. Pantauelli, "Sngli strati Miocenici del Casino (Siena)," Mem. E. Accad. Lincoi, 

 (3) vol. iii. p. 12, pi. iv.' figs. 1-7 (1879). 



■* H. G. Stehliu, " Ueher d. Geschichte des Suiden-Gebisses," Abhandl. Schweiz. 

 PalsEOnt, Ges. vol. xxvii. ])p. 434, 435 (1900). 



