August 4, 1893. J 



SCIENCE. 



61 



years since the more advanced creamery owners began to practise 

 this method, and the results have been so uniformly satisfactory 

 that it is adopted in all creameries, when the ordinary methods 

 fail to bring out the desired quality. The creamery owners were 

 not slow to take advantage of this new discovery when they 

 found that it afforded the butter-maker genuine and valuable 

 practical aid. The honor of introducing this important improve- 

 ment in dairy processes does not belong to any one man. Several 

 scientists isolated and successfully prepared cultures for use inde- 

 pendently of each other ; though doubtless Professor V. Storch of 

 the Experimental Laboratory, Copenhagen, deserves the lion's 

 share of the credit. He has investigated the subject for some 

 years, and published several important papers on the results of his 

 researches. There are now three or four laboratories from which 

 the prepared cultures are offered for sale to the dairies. They 

 teep their processes secret, each following its own methods, the 

 result of which is that their cultures differ, both in kinds of bac- 

 teria and method of treatment. This has brought out the fact 

 that the beneficial species, as indeed also the injurious ones, are 

 quite numerous, and that certain forms cooperate in the produc- 

 tion of aroma and flavor, but that it is by no means necessary 

 that a large variety should be present. Thus Mr. E. A. Quist of 

 Skanderborg, Denmark, a young bacteriologist who has become 

 deservedly famous for his successful work in this line, uses but 

 two forms, which singly are ineffective, but together produce a 

 very superior quality of butter. 



The "secrets" in this work are, of course, far from impenetra- 

 ble. They are confined chiefly to the composition of the nutritive 

 fluid in which each laboratory has found it most expedient to 

 propagate the bacteria employed, and this can, of course, be ascer- 

 tained by experiment. 



The value of " pure cultures " has been proven by practical ex- 

 perience. It remains to acquaint our dairy workers with the facts, 

 and for our bacteriologists to take the work in hand. It offers a 

 wide field for fruitful investigation. 



INDIAN PAINTINGS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 



BY DAVID P. BARROWS, POMONA COLLEGE, CLARBMONT, CAL. 



The Indian tribes which sixty years ago filled every valley of 

 California have now either entirely disappeared or are represented 

 by mere handfulls of descendants. These tribes left quantities of 

 implements of their daily life to attest their vast numbers and 

 certain remains through which can be traced their beliefs and 

 customs. 



An interesting study are their "picture rocks." These are 

 found in many places throughout the coast and some of them 

 have been examined and described. 



In several localities in Southern California there are painted 

 rocks to which, we believe, attention has not been called. 



In the Perris valley, among the stony hills west of the town, 

 are three rocks from twelve to twenty feet high which -are 

 covered, each on one side, with Indian paintings. There is evi- 

 dence that this hillside at one time was the camping ground of a 

 large number of Indians. About each spring the flat bowlders 

 are filled with holes in which acorns and seeds were pounded, 

 and pestles and metates are numerous. Bits of pottery, a portion 

 of a grass basket and a few arrow points have also been found 

 here. Twenty-five miles away on the opposite side of the San 

 Jacinto plains there is now the small villaf e Saboba, of the Ser- 

 rano Indians. 



On the Radec Creek thirty miles east of Temecula i» an inter- 

 esting case of rock painting. A hundred feet above the stream 

 on the hillside there is a small cave formed by huge bowlders 

 piled together. It is evident that the front of this cave was once 

 walled up with brush, stones and earth and that it was used for 

 a temescal or sweat house. The cold stream is at hand into which 

 the patients, dripping with perspiration could plunge. The in- 

 side of this cave is painted with the same designs and colors as 

 the Perris rocks. A flat rock inside is filled with holes in which 

 it appears that the painerals for making the paints were ground. 

 Digging down a few inches, into the loose soil of the floor, brought 

 up broken pottery, charcoal and ashes, and bits of small bones. 



The interior of the cave is blackened with the smoke of the 

 fires. 



This cave is a quarter of a mile from the site of an abandoned 

 village, which the Indians say was called Sequala. Relics, in- 

 cluding a number of arrow points more perfect than are usually 

 obtained in Southern California are here found. In the Strawberry 

 valley in the San Jacinto Mountains there are four more of these 

 painted rocks. The Cahvilla Indians still visit this valley for 

 acorns and pinones. 



Doubtless search and inquiry will reveal much more similar 

 work. The designs, which in all cases are much the same, consist 

 mainly of wavy and angular lines, diamonds, and geometrical 

 patterns and figures formed by dots. The print of the open hand 

 is occasionally seen. 



There is little remarkable in these paintings unless it be the ab- 

 sense of pictures, and the fact that the same designs were adhered 

 to not only by different tribes but by tribes of different stocks, 

 showing that the established forms were wide spread and rigidly 

 followed. 



The colors used are red, black and white. They are made from 

 mineral earths found in the mountains around, which are ground, 

 mixed to the consistency of paste, and applied. 



The most striking fact in regard to these paintings is this: 

 Among the Cahvilla Indians whose home is in the San Jacinto 

 Mountains, twenty miles from Radec Creek and eighteen from 

 Strawberry valley in the opposite direction, there are two old 

 men, and now only two, who at some feasts perform a remarkable 

 war dance. The dancer is stripped to his breech clout and then 

 girt with a kilt of beautiful brown eagle feathers, and his head is 

 covered with a feathered war bonnet. His face and body are 

 then painted with the same designs and colors which we have 

 noticed. The same mud paints are used and sometimes the hand 

 is daubed and its print struck upon the dancer's broad shoulders, 

 precisely as it appears upon the Perris Rocks. Thus dressed and 

 painted the old warrior proceeds to execute a dance which we 

 venture to say is one of the most wonderful among the strange 

 dances of the North American Indians; a dance which makes the 

 old women shout and cry in excited remembrance, and infirm 

 old braves wave their arms and join in the wild song. 



There must be significance in these designs so carefully fol- 

 lowed and preserved. 



The writer and others are arranging for fuller examination of 

 the rock paintings of Southern California with a view to publica- 

 tion. This note is intended simply to call attention to the double 

 use of these designs upon the rocks and in the dance body- 

 painting. 



NOTES AND NEWS. 

 The sixth annual meeting of the American Economic As- 

 sociation will be held in Chicago, September 11-15, 1893, in one 

 of the assembly halls of the University of Chicago. It is expected 

 that the general headquarters of the association will be at the 

 university, which has not only permitted the use of one of its 

 halls for the assembly to meet in, but also offers rooms in its 

 dormitories at a moderate rent by the day or week to persons at- 

 tending such conventions. Two meetings of the council of the 

 association will be held during the session, and the programme as 

 announced includes, besides the annual address by the President, 

 Professor Charles F. Dunbar, the following papers: The Value of 

 Money, by Francis A, Walker; The Relation between Interest and 

 Profits, by Arthur T. Hadley; The Scope of Political Economy, 

 by Simon N. Patten; The Genesis of Capital, by J. B. Clark; The 

 Wages Fund at the Hands of the German Economists, by F. W. 

 Taussig, and Marshall's Theory of Quasi-Rent, by E. R. A. Selig- 

 man. Several other societies dealing more or less with economic 

 questions, including the International Statistical Institute, the 

 American Statistical Society, the Social Science Congress and the 

 Labor Congress, are to meet at Chicago at about the same time as the 

 American Economic Association, and, as arrangements have been 

 made to have the scientific sessions of these various societies held 

 at different times, a rare opportunity is presented for the students 

 of economic and social subjects to meet their co-laborers of this 

 and other lands. 



