September 22, 1893.] 



SCIENCE. 



159 



tion entirely depends by harvesting and pitting the ears 

 at the usual time, and the fodder at a later period. As 

 shown (in the table) there is a large increase of the sub- 

 stances containing nitrogen, as well as the carbohydrates 

 under the new conditions. The special bearing which 

 this, as well as other facts which cannot here be particu- 

 larized, must have in modifying the existing system of 

 stock feeding, either by ensilage or dry fodder, is hardly 

 second in importance to its relations to sugar produc- 

 tion. 



Also, it should be noted in this connection that it is 

 now found that corn fodder, cut after the last stage of the 

 ripening of the grain has been reached, is subject to great 

 loss of nutritive matter. J The destruction and disap- 

 pearance of the soluble carbohydrates follow in that case 

 as inevitably as their preservation and increase do after 

 the removal or arrested development of the ear. 



Except the trimmed stem, every other part of the plant 

 will go to the silo, when sugar j)roduction is the object, 

 and the resulting food products will be as much richer 

 than ordinary ensilage in all the elements of nutrition as 

 the larger proportion of the grain to the whole mass, and 

 the more highly elaborated juices of the tops and leaves 

 enter into it. 



(To be continued.) 



NATUEE AND DISTRIBUTION OF NEW YOEK 



INDIAN EELICS. 



BY W. M. BEAUCHAMP, BALDWINSVILLE, N. Y. 



While Indian relics are almost unknown in some parts 

 of New York, in others they are abundant. Forts, vil- 

 lages and camps are often found far away from lakes and 

 rivers, for security from enemies was an important con- 

 sideration, and when villages were established there was 

 often regard to the fertility of the soil. As this and fuel 

 failed, removal become necessary, but almost invariably 

 the red man of New York placed his lodge on sandy 

 ground. In a general way, however, the relic hunter will 

 seek the banks of rivers and streams, especially at fords 

 and rifts, with the best hopes of success. Hunters, fish- 

 ermen, and traders have there left the finest articles. 



He will soon learn that all sites are not alike, some 

 noticeable things rarely, if ever, appearing with certain 

 others. By close examination and comparison he may 

 sometimes establish a sequence of sites, or discover rela- 

 tions between those far apart. He will be blind indeed 

 if he does not soon see plain evidences of aboriginal 

 travel and trade. He will learn one curious fact, that, in 

 the larger part of the Empire State, the finest stone im- 

 plements are among the oldest. With ample material for 

 illustration before me, this paper will simply deal with the 

 character and distribution of Indian articles in New York. 



Chipped Implements. — Arrows, spears, knives, perforators, 



IThis is an invariable result, and it sufBciently reveals, I think, 

 the source of the hitherto unaccountable loss of solids reported as 

 occurring dui-ing the curing of corn fodder. 



About three years ago Prof. W. A. Henry, of the Wisconsin 

 Experiment Station, called attention to the results of tests made 

 there to determine the amount of dry matter in green and dry 

 corn fodder ; which showed that the cured fodder lost not less 

 than twenty per cent, of its dry substance before it was fed out 

 as compared with the dry matter in the same fodder when it was 

 cut down green in the field. The fact of the loss was well attest- 

 ed ; but it was practically discredited because no sufficient cause 

 could be assigned for it. 



But in 1 88 1 Prof. Geo. A. Cook, of New Jersey, had noticed a 

 loss of dry substance in corn fodder under similar circumstances, 

 and that the loss fell almost entirely upon the soluble carbohy- 

 drates. (N. J. Expt. Sta. Report for 1882.) 



Prof. E. H. Fari'ington, of the Illinois Station, records a de- 

 crease, not definitely accounted for, of 17.3 per cent of dry matter 

 in the whole plant cut and analyzed two weeks after the ripening 

 of the grain. ("Science" April 15, 1892, p. 212.) 



scrapers, and other articles, are quite generally found, and 

 of all the usual kinds. A drab-colored hornstone is the 

 most common material, but there is a great variety of 

 others. All colors of jasper will be seen among these, 

 with quartz, chalcedony, argillite, limestone and sand- 

 stone. White arrows are more prevalent in the eastern 

 part than in the west, and some sites afford local and 

 unique forms. Although hornstone is abundant in the 

 long Helderberg range, much of the material was brought 

 from a distance, and cores and chips occur abundantly far 

 from the quarries. Caches of unfinished implements are 

 frequently found, usually of one form and size, and 

 between two and three inches long. I know of no form 

 of arrow, knife, or spear ever described, which I have not 

 figured from local specimens. Some are unique. Three 

 of my arrows, above the notch, have the outline of the 

 gable end of a house, with perfectly straight edges. Some 

 triangular forms are almost as slender as a flint perfora- 

 tor. 



Scrapers occur in great variety, and of as varied finish, 

 but they are lacking in many places, as the Iroquis and 

 some others did not use the stone scraper and drill. 

 Neither need be looked for within earthworks and stock- 

 ades. The leaf shape, combining the knife and scraper, is 

 common. Mr. A. G. Eichmond found scrapers with ser- 

 rated edges at a fishing camp on the Mohawk. They were 

 small and rare. I have found other forms from small to 

 large sizes. Sometimes they are curious. One, of green 

 jasper, long and nearly triangular, has a knob at the top, 

 as though for suspension, and projecting points on either 

 side of the broad base. Another rare form is sabre-shaped, 

 the concave side being the scraper, and the convex, a knife. 

 Flint perforators are often very fine, and vary from the 

 simplest forms to those quite complex. Some are of very 

 great interest. Flint hammers occur, and some very small 

 flint disks a friend has called gambling flints. Earely a 

 hornstone celt has been slightly ground, but rude celts of 

 sandstone are often chipped. 



The flat sinkers, or quoits, are also chipped implements. 

 They are sometimes quite large, and found near water, — 

 sonaetimes in it. Usually they are between a rectangle 

 and circle, often with notches on the four edges. I have 

 found them, however, miles away from any fishing 

 place, aud think they were often used in games. The 

 smallest form I have resembling these, is polished, circu- 

 lar, about an inch across, and with two notches cut on op- 

 posite edges. Larger oval pebbles are found grooved for 

 anchors. About Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, smaller grooved 

 pebbles are abundant, about the size and form of a hen's 



®g&- . ■, ^ 



Hammer stones, so called, are of endless forms, and of 



many uses. Like the preceding, they were in use quite 

 recently. I have seen one on which a figure was inscribed 

 with compasses. They may have one or more pits on one 

 or both sides, or on every face on which there is room. 

 The edges are not always hammered, and sometimes cir- 

 cular ones have been changed into chungke stones. 



The grooved stones, used by the Iroquis about the be- 

 ginning of the seventeenth century, are peculiar to their 

 territory, thus far appearing in that of the Mohawks, 

 Onoudagas and Senecas. They are bowlders, in which 

 appear one or more wide, straight and uniform grooves, 

 finely striated from end to end, and are supposed to have 

 been used in arrow making. This may possibly have 

 been. 



Occasionally finely polished pestles appear, but most of 

 those along the Seneca Eiver are merely long pebbles, 

 showing use, and sometimes polished. Generally they are 

 slightly chipped, and sometimes squared. Earely a pit is 

 made near one end. The Iroquis used, and still use the 

 wooden pestle with double ends. 



