September 22, 1893.] 



SCIENCE. 



161 



Iroquis probably knew very little until they had them 

 from the whites. In the eastern part of the State the case 

 was reversed. Small shell beads, made by Indian and not 

 by white methods, are quite rare. They are drilled from 

 both ends, and I have seen very few. In Cayuga County, 

 however, some very large beads have been found which 

 may be early. All known wampum belts are modern. 

 Once introduced, the Iroquois used beads lavishly, and re- 

 cent gorgets, beads, and ornaments of shell are frequent. 

 Bone and horn were used earlier, and were favorite mate- 

 rials with the Iroquis. Ornaments made of perforated 

 skulls apf)ear in Jefferson County, and carved bones and 

 horns in other places. After the Iroquis obtained knives 

 and saws they did some tasteful work in this way. Quite 

 handsome combs were made, usually symmetrical. Some 

 unfinished examples show how they were made. Just be- 

 fore European trade vigorously commenced, they formed 

 a few barbed fish-hooks, but I have known but four of 

 these. The hook with the knob, but without the barb, is 

 earlier, and quite rare. I think the barb came from a 

 knowledge of the white man's hook, especially as one of 

 these was from a place occupied about A.D. 1600. The 

 four hooks were found resj)ectively in Canada and Jeffer- 

 son, Madison and Onondaga Counties. Harpoons of bone 

 or horn are mostly recent, though not invariably. They 

 were used by the Iroquois. Recent ornaments of bone are 

 conventional or realistic. Mingled with them are Vene- 

 tian, porcelain, and glass beads, and all kinds of trinkets. 

 Jesuit rings have a prominent j)lace. 



Earthenware. — Most villages, and many camps, have af- 

 forded much earthenware, occasionally found entire in 

 graves. Vessels are sometimes quite large, and often beau- 

 tifully ornamented with dots and lines. Pottery is valu- 

 able in connecting sites. On a few vessels, three or four 

 dots inside of a diamond or triangle, suggest the human 

 face. Human faces or figures at the angles of earthen 

 vessels, were in fashion among the Onondagas and Mo- 

 hawks late in the sixteenth and early in the seventeenth 

 centuries. The fashion lasted about thirty years, but this 

 absolutely fixed the age of two important sites. These 

 figures also have peculiarities connecting them with other 

 styles, and are usually symmetrical, but in one Mohawk 

 example one hand is raised, and the other turned down. 

 Pij^es often suggest a similar connection, or reveal strik- 

 ing individuality. A series of curious many-faced pipes 

 from one neighborhood, could have been made by only 

 one man, and others, far ajjart, have a similar personality. 

 Raised figures are common on Iroquois pipe bowls; but in 

 the earlier ones thej- face the smoker, in the later they 

 are turned from him. In one instance a spirited panther's 

 head is turned to one side. This was from a grave of the 

 transition period, which had another with an eagle turned 

 from the smoker. Pipe stems are often ornamented with 

 lines and dots, and others have i^rojecting lines running 

 along both . sides. The variety is endless. The English 

 freelj' distributed the common white pipes, and they ap- 

 pear on most recent sites. Sometimes they are found of 

 pewter, brass, or iron. 



Among modern pipes I have an Indian one made from 

 an immense deer's antler, which is well carved, and was 

 finely jiainted in its day. Detached ornaments of terra 

 cotta are sometimes quite artistic, and may represent the 

 whole or some part of bird or beast. Such things must 

 be looked for only in cemeteries or villages. It is a mis- 

 take, however, to expect relics in all graves, for scores of 

 early tombs have been opened which had no trace of any 

 article. Equally erroneous will it be to look for fixed 

 modes of burial. They varied greatly within a limited 

 space and time. One occurs to me where a young person 

 of distinction was interred head downward. 



Some of the finest articles have been found at a distance 



from villages and camps ; often in low places, as though 

 lost in hunting or war. This reminds me that the com- 

 mon opinion that broken imj)lements necessarily indicate 

 battle fields, is another error. In villages they were often 

 broken accidentally, but in the great New Year's feast of 

 the Iroquois and Hurons, wholesale destruction might be 

 a matter of course. 



I have seen a few beads of baked clay, as well as of 

 stone. The latter are formed from fossils. In one case, 

 in Cayuga, a fossil shark's tooth had become an arrow, and 

 curious stones have often been slightly worked to increase 

 a primary resemblance. A few counters of bone or clay 

 — the latter sometimes made from broken earthenware — 

 have been found on Onondaga sites, probably used as in 

 the peachstone game. In this game, of course, other ma- 

 terials were at first used ; perhaps the deer buttons which 

 ai-e not yet laid aside. 



It may be remarked that while knives and punches were 

 used in decorating vessels, some ornaments were formed 

 simply by pinching the clay on the sides of vessels, and 

 on some fragments the impression of the thumb and fin- 

 ger plainly remains. Traces of basket work are rare. 



SARCOLOGY : A NEW MEDICAL SCIENCE. 



BY WALLACE WOOD, M.D., PEOFESSOB IN THE UNIVERSITY OF THE 

 CITY OF NEW YOKE. 



The recent exj)eriments of Brown-Sequard and Dr. 

 Hammond in injecting extracts of flesh into the blood, go 

 to show that there may be a science of the organism, 

 which is neither anatomy nor physiology, nor yet histology 

 nor chemistry, and yet which may be founded upon facts 

 and laws as sound as those upon which are based its sister 

 sciences. 



The elements with which chemistry deals are atoms and 

 molecules ; histological elements are cells , fibres, mem- 

 branes and tissues ; anatomy describes organs and sys- 

 tems ; while morphology conducts the mind to higher 

 combinations, such as antimers and metamers, the person, 

 the coujDle, and the colony, the individual, and the race. 



Sarcology discarding all forms and tissues, comes down, 

 as it were, with blows of the hammer ujjon the solid and 

 naked flesh, driving it down to a hard basis. It reduces 

 this flesh to pulp, and with such jDulp seeks to reconstruct 

 the organism. In Brown- Sequard's laboratory we have 

 brain juice and testacular juice ; from Dr. Hammond we 

 receive scientific elixirs of life labeled Cerebrine, Cardine, 

 Teotine. Inject these into the river of life, the milieu 

 interne, and each goes to its proper part and reconstructs 

 it. 



How many kinds of flesh are requii'ed to make man ? 

 Four ; one for each kind of life force. One to bear the 

 strain of each of the cardinal forces, excitation, motion, 

 growth, production. 



These forces work through nerve, muscle, vessel, and 

 gland. 



These jjowers are radical or elementary. In organic 

 life there is a nervous or excitative tendency, a muscular 

 or motor tendency, a vascular or tubular tendencj-, which 

 is toward nutrition, construction, growth, and a glandular 

 or ej)ithelial tendency, toward efflorescence, effusiveness 

 or production. Nerves are the agents of excitation, mus- 

 cles are motor agents, tubes are the agents of construc- 

 tion, glands and parenchymes or epitheliums are the 

 agents of effusion, efflorescence and productivity. 



The science of sarcology rests upon the foundation of 

 the four radical parts of the organism, the four elemen- 

 tary kinds of flesh. If any one is in doubt concerning 

 the doctrine, let him dissect the serpent, a vertebrate 

 comparatively simple, and the one best generalized. I 



