250 



SCIENCE. 



, XXII. No. 561 



Primer of Philosophy. By Dr. Paul Caeus. Chicago, Oj)eu 



Court Pub. Co., 12mo., .$1. 



This book, notwithstanding its title, is the most elab- 

 orate work on general jshilosoiihy that Dr. Carus has yet 

 published. The philosophical system that he advocates 

 is in the intellectual sphere what he calls positivistic 

 monism, and in the moral si^here meliorism. By monism 

 he means that "soul and body, * * * aj-e the too in- 

 separable sides of our existence; they are two abstracts 

 from one and the same reality" (p. 23). His monism evi- 

 dently is the kind that is known aa materialistic monism; 

 for he does not believe in the soul as a distinct entity, 

 but says that "a human personality is merely a society of 

 ideas." The main object of this book, however, is to set 

 forth the author's views on the subject of what Kant 

 called a priori truths, and to reconcile, if possible, the 

 views of Kant with those of Mill. Dr. Carus holds with 

 Kant that "logical, mathematical j)rinoiples are universal 

 and necessary;" but on the other hand, he maintains with 

 Mill that all our knowledge comes from experience. The 

 qjiestion he has to answer, then, is how universal and 

 necessary truths can be derived from experience, which 

 consists entirely of particular perceptions; and we cannot 

 think that Dr. Carus is any more successful in answering 

 this question than others have been before him. He sees 

 that universal truths cannot be get out of sensiious ex- 

 perience, yet he cannot accept Kant's view that they are 

 known before experience; and he advances the opfnion 

 that such truths, or axioms, are '-products of rigidly 

 formal reasoning." To this the obvious reply is that 

 there can be no formal reasoning without premises, and 

 that, if the conclusion is to be valid, one of the premises 

 must be universal; and furthermore, the jDrinciple of reas- 

 oning itself must be universal if the conclusion is to be 

 sound. But while we cannot think that Dr. Carus has 

 solved the problem he has taken in hand, we have been 

 interested in reading his book and have found much in it 

 that is suggestive. It shows throughout the moral 

 earnestness and the desire to be useful that mark all its 

 author's works, and will well repay perusal. 



Essays on Rural Hygiene. By George Vivi.\n Poore, M. D., 

 P. B. C. P. London and New York, Longmans, Green, 

 & Co. 321p, 8 vo. 



For thirteen j-ears honorary secretary and subse- 

 quently vice-chairman of the Parkes Museum of Hygiene, 

 Dr. Poore is well qualified as an experienced sanitarian 

 and his word in hygienic matters carries the weight of 

 practical experience. Many of the chapters of the above- 

 named work has been previously published, while others 

 have been delivered as addresses before the University 

 College, London, and before various scientific societies. 

 The book has, however, a perfectly j)reserved plan and 

 is in no sense a disjointed collection, nor does the former 

 publication deduct from the interest, as unfortunately Dr. 

 Poore's ideas of sanitation are totally at variance with the 

 popular acceptance of that term and are not such as 

 would be given wide publicity. The world has accepted 

 very quickly the call for improved sanitary methods iind- 

 ing the subject, considered as a firiuciple, one readily 

 grasped by minds little trained in the sciences, and at the 

 same time one which apjDeals very closely indeed to the 

 comfort and health of the home. Unfortunately, how- 

 ever, this fervor of sanitation has opened the path for 

 hundreds of banditti patentees and political highwaymen 

 who have quickly seen andappreciated their opportunity, 

 and who, from the ambush of "science" have rushed out 

 and seized upon the public pocket-book. That the pub- 

 lic has made so little resistance and has always so smil- 

 ingly "held up its hands" is perhaps to its credit in a way, 

 for it thereby exhibits a readiness to co-ojDerate with 

 science and it can not be expected to distinguish between 

 the true and the false. But people like to pay well for 

 public imjDrovements and very probably if offered their 

 choice between the modest and enonomical means pro- 

 posed by Dr. Poore, and the criminally expensive processes 

 urged by city boards, would unhesitatingly 'prefer the 

 latter. We rather like beiug robbed by gallant knight of 

 the mountains with bright colored scarfs and ornamental 

 trappings. We can talk about it afterwards, boast of it 

 in fact, and the more we have lost the prouder we are. 



FOSSIL RESINS. 



This book is the result of an attempt to 

 collect the scattered notices of fossil resins, 

 exclusive of those on amber. The work is of 

 interest also on account of descriptions given 

 of the insects found embedded in these long- 

 preserved exudations from early vegetation. 



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