278 



SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XXn. No. 563 



ruptedly in progress from the end of the Paleozoic to the 

 present time." 



Having thus far taken the negative side on some of Mr. 

 Winslow's propositions, I will now turn to the positive 

 side of the argument in support of my own views. 



Enough has been said to show my reasons for thinking 

 that the initial courses of the drainage on the Paleozoic 

 strata at the time of their first emergence are long since 

 lost. Let me now consider the evidence of composite 

 toj)ography in the Ozark plateau, and the evidence that 

 indicates an uplift between the j)roduction of the more 

 gentle forms of the upland and the steeper slopes of the 

 Osage valley and its fellows. 



The Missouri reports frequently make mention of the 

 relatively even surface of the upland country, and its 

 contrast with the steep sides of the ravines in which the 

 streams now flow. The upland is not level by any means, 

 but has gentle swells and broad slopes, distinctly 

 unlike the sharper slopes of the ravines. The pro- 

 cess by which the present ravines are forming is not a 

 direct continuation of the process by which the gentler 

 slopes of the upland were formed. The former are incised 

 in the latter; the latter have suffered little change durino- 

 the excavation of the former. ^Vhat, then, is the orio'iu 

 of the upland? It is not a constructional form; that is it 

 does not retain the form of strata deposited under water 

 and simply uplifted into a land surface. It has manifesth' 

 been eroded, and thereby changed from its original con- 

 structional form. Under what conditions can a gently roUino- 

 surface be formed by erosion? Only as the penultimate re- 

 sult of long erosion, whereby the initial valleys have been 

 deepened close to base-level and widened so as almost to 

 consume the intervening hills; that is, the rolling upland 

 must have gained an oldish topographic stage, when the 

 erosive forces were acting with respect to a base-level dif- 

 ferent from that which now controls them, and with 

 respect to which they are trenching deep valleys in the 

 upland. The region must have stood lower when the 

 wide rolling uplands were fashioned than it does now 

 when the upland is incised by steep-sided valleys. The 

 change of elevation, by which the older cycle was closed 



and the present cycle was opened, was only long enough 

 ago to allow the excavation of narrow valleys in rocks of 

 moderate hardness; and hence, according to the time 

 scale above indicated, this uplift was not longer ago than 

 somewhere about late Tertiary time. The uplift revived 

 the oldish streams that then flowed gently in wide open 

 valleys, and the streams at once began their new task of 

 cutting down their basins towards the new base-level. 

 They have not yet done much in this new task. 



It is only as a part of this new task that the Osage has 

 cut down its meandering valley. Making all allowance 

 for increa«e of meanders during the deepening of the 

 present valley, the river must have possessed significant 

 meanders when the down-cutting was begun. Such a 

 conclusion is quite consistent with the conclusion of the 

 preceding paragraph; for a meandering course is gen- 

 erally characteristic of an oldish river, such as the Osage 

 was when it was flowing across the formerly lowland sur- 

 face of what is now the upland. I am therefore con- 

 strained to think that more than one cycle of develop- 

 ment must be postulated in explaining the course of the 

 Osage through the Missouri plateau. 



Regarding the relations of the meanders of the upper 

 branches of the Osage on their open flood plains and 

 those of the lower course of the main stream in its deep 

 valley, I am not confident that the suggestion of my for- 

 mer article is correct. Mr. C. P. Marbut, lately of the Mis- 

 souri Geological Survey, now a student in our Oeological 

 Department, and of whose topographical work Mr. Wins- 

 low made mention, tells me that the wide valleys of the 

 upper Osage are confined to the weaker strata of the Coal 

 measures; and that the narrower valley of the lower 

 stream occurs in the harder lower Carboniferous and 

 older Paleozoic rocks. This introduces a complica- 

 tion in the problem that cannot be safely solved at this 

 distance from the field; but a review of the topographical 

 maps with this fact in mind gives no reason for with- 

 drawing from the conclusion that the region has been 

 pretty well base-levelled before the existing valleys were 

 cut in it. 



Several points that Mr. Winslow makes regarding the 



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