SCIENCE. 



[Vol. XXil. No. 566 



his captors t'easted In truly Indian style. But a few- 

 hundred miles away the Indians of vSan Francisco Bay 

 rode on a raft or bundle of reeds ! The conclusion fol- 

 lows irresistibly that a different aboriginal civilization 

 existed from the Columbia River northward to Alaska 

 than that on San Francisco Bay. From a careful exam- 

 ination of the archaeological remains it seems quite cer- 

 tain that the lines connecting the middle type of civiliza- 

 tion of the Puget Sound region with other American 

 civilizations lay — one up the Columbia and across to the 

 Ohio region, and the other by way of the Snake River, 

 Great Salt Lake and the Pueblo region, and connecting 

 with the Mexican country. But in each of these regions 

 — in Ohio and Mexico — we find pottery in abundance, 

 but none in the Puget Sound basin. This cannot be on 

 account of lack of material, for the finest potters' clay 

 exists in great beds throughout this region on the 

 surface, and many potteries now work it. What is the 

 conclusion, then? It is that the high civilization of the 

 Northwest coast did not come either from the east or 

 south ! 



This middle type of civilization on Puget Sound made 

 splendidly carved war canoes ; the finest basket work in 

 America; featherwork like the Aztecs; metalics like 

 those of Moqui ; wove blankets equal to the' Navajo; 

 worshipped the sun like the Mexican, and made stone 

 gods equal in carving to those of Central America ; as 

 carvers of wood they have no equals in America ; they 

 were artisans skilled in carving, weaving and painting ; 

 they built perrnanent homes of great posts and cedar 

 boards, exactly like the Mongolian tribes of Asia — ex- 

 actly like the Japanese ; their beds were arranged on 

 each side of the houses on platforms in the true 

 Mongolian style; their language yet preserves the 

 identical tongue spoken by the Apache and other 

 southern Athapascan ; many pure Aztec words linger 

 north of Puget Sound — and yet they made no pottery! 



No nation ever lost the art of pottery-making. The 

 art never was known to the people of this northwest 

 country ; though they are cousins to the Algonquins and 

 Aztecs and brothers to the Apaches, yet they had not 

 the art possessed by these people of making vessels from 

 clay. Not a trace of the potter's work can be found in 

 the Columbia River or Puget Sound regions. Although 

 these people are of kin, }-et in this particular they are as 

 distant as the poles. It follows that the Athapascans of 

 Mexico learned the potter's trade after they left the 

 early home of their kinsmen on Puget Sound ; it also 

 follows that the Apache and kindred tribes were mi- 

 grants from the north, and it is true that the Algonquin 

 was not a potter until after he reached the Mississippi 

 valley. 



It seems to me that one certain result follows from the 

 known facts, viz. : That the Athapascan tribes of Mexico, 

 and possibly the Aztecs, migrated to Mexico from the 

 Puget Sound region — for if our Athapascans came to 

 the north from Mexico and settled in the Puget Sound 

 basin, why did they not bring that most characteristic 

 manufacture, pottery, with them? I take it that the 

 conclusion must be conceded that the migration was 

 southward, and not by San Francisco Bay, either, but 

 via Great Salt Lake to Mexico. 



Humboldt, Prescott and other eminent authorities 

 place Aztlan, the ancient Aztec hiving place, in the 

 Puget Sound region, and certainly the absence of pot- 

 tery here is a strong additional fact in support of their 

 statements. If, now, it be conceded that the hiving 

 place of the Aztecs, Apaches and other southern Atha- 

 pascans was on Puget Sound, raay it not also be granted 

 that this is some further proof of the Asiatic origin of 

 the same tribes? 



DISPOSAL OF WASTE AT THE WORLD'S COLUM- 

 BIAN EXPOSITION.* 



BY W. F. MOKSE, NEW YORK. 



When it was seen that the proposed World's Fair would 

 occupy' 600 acres of ground, have a resident population 

 of thirty to forty thousand, and an average of one to 

 three hundred thousand daily visitors, it was apparent 

 that the sanitation of the grounds was a problem of some 

 magnitude, and one that must be solved without the 

 chance for an error, as after the opening there was no 

 time for changes of plans. 



For the drainage the Shone Hydro-Pneumatic System 

 was chosen. This is an English apparatus, which receives, 

 in tanks under the floors of the buildings, all the sewage 

 from toilet rooms, and by compressed air automatically 

 employed forces it into large tanks or reservoirs at one 

 central station. The sewage is then precipitated by 

 chemicals, the efiiuent run off into the lake, and the 

 residuum pumped into presses which deliver it in solid 

 cakes for disposal. 



Besides this sewage sludge, the waste food products 

 from restaurants and the refuse and litter of all sorts 

 taken together would amount to a vast bulk of waste to 

 be destroyed. There was no convenient place outside the 

 grounds where this might be dumped, the lake was im- 

 practicable for the purj)ose; it must be burned, and this 

 must be done on the grounds of the Exposition. 



The Engle Sanitary Garbage Cremator was selected 

 as the one which promised best results, and two large fur- 

 naces were built in the fall of '92. At the opening of the 

 Fair the work of disposal of all garbage, sewage sludge, 

 waste, refuse, manure and the bodies of animals was be- 

 gun and has been carried on without cessation for six 

 months. The results of this work give a better idea of 

 the value of garbage cremation than any reports yet pub- 

 lished. 



The two furnaces used crude petroleum oil as fuel, 

 atomized this by air, obtained the power from an electric ■ 

 motor, and with a pressure of tweive ounces of air and 

 using six to seven gallons of oil per hour for each burner, 

 obtained as high a degree of heat and did the same work 

 which would be done by a steam burner using 120 lbs. 

 pressure of steam and a much larger amount of fuel. 



The sewage cake contained fifty-eight per cent of 

 liquid, and of the remainder only eighteen per cent was 

 combustible. The garbage contained water in large 

 amounts, rising sometimes from sixty to eighty per cent. 

 Because of the necessity of being always open for inspec- 

 tion, more men were employed than would usually be 

 needed, thus adding extra expense. 



There was at no time any discharge of odors, fumes or 

 smoke from tli,e chimney; the results of combustion (car- 

 bonic acid gas) were colorless and invisible, and being 

 discharged fifty feet from the ground at a temperature of 

 1,000° were quickly dissipated. 



The cost of labor and fuel was from sixty to seventy 

 cents per ton, the sludge costing considerably more than 

 the garbage. At other places where furnaces of this same 

 type are employed, this cost has been brought down to 

 eight to twelve cents per cubic yard, equivalent to twenty 

 to thirty cents per ton. 



The bodies of animals — four horses, two camels, cows, 

 deer, elk, pigs, dogs, etc., were destroyed with ease and 



The Engle furnaces are constructed with two fires, the 

 first or primary fire burning the garbage and waste by 

 direct application of flame, the smoke, gases and fumes 

 from this combustion beine- driven forward into a second 



■►Extract from paper read at World's Public Health Congre 

 Oct. J0-14, 1891. 



s, Chicago, 



