334 BULLETIN UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 



Palsearctic regioDS.'"* Professor Huxley thus emphatically reco-gnizes 

 a region equivalent to my North Temperate Eealm. 



Mr. Eobert Brown, in writing of the distribution of the mammals of 

 Greenland, also recognizes a North Temperate Region, which he divides 

 into a European Temperate Province and a North American Temperate 

 Province, from which he separates a Oircumpolar Eegion, equivalent to 

 the Arctic Realm above characterized.! 



Dr. Gil], in regard to fishes, recognizes an "Arctogsean" region, "em- 

 bracing Europe, Northern Asia, and Northern America", as distinct on 

 the one hand from the American Troi)ical and Transtropical Region, 

 and on the other from Tropical Asia and Africa.f 



Dr. Packard, in discussing the distribution of the Phalsenid Moths, 

 recognizes both an Arctic Realm and a North Temperate Realm, as here 

 characterized. Referring to a previously given table of subalpine and 

 circumpolar species, he says,— "This table indicates how wide are the 

 limits of distribution of these species, and it vfill be seen how import- 

 ant it is to follow circumpolar and north-temperate insect-faunte around 

 the globe, from continent to continent. It will be then seen how inade- 

 quate must be our views regarding the geographical distribution of the 

 animals and plants of our own continent, without specimens from similar 

 regions in the same zones in the Old World. It will be found that for 

 the study of the insect-fauna of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific coast 

 we must have ample collections from the Ural and Altai Mountains and 

 surrounding plateaus," etc.§ 



Dr. August von Pelzeln also recognized a circumboreal region (" ark- 

 tische Region"), and considers the "Nearctic" and "Paleearctic" as form- 

 ing inseparable parts of a single region. He says : — " Die palaarktische 

 Region scheint mir von der nearktischen nicht trennbar zu sein, son- 

 dern beide diirften ein Gauzes bilden, welches man als arktische Region 

 bezeichnen konnte. Ihre Zusammengehorigkeit tritt mit voller Evidenz 

 in den hochnordischen Landern des alten und neuen Oontinentes hervor 

 und erst in niedereren Breiten macht sich die Differenzirung geltend. 



*Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1868, pp. 314,315, 



tProc. Zool. Soc. Lend., 1868, pp. 337, 338. 



t Says Dr. Gill : — " In tiue, dividing the earth into regions distinguished by general 

 ichthyological peculiarities, several primary combinations maybe recognized, viz. : — 1, 

 an Arctogcean, embracing Europe, Northern Asia, and Northern America; 2, an Asiatic, 

 embracing the tropical portions of the continent ; 3, African, limited to the region south 

 and east of the Desert; 4, an American (embracing the Americsi par excellence dedicated 

 to Amerigo Vespucci), including the tropical and transtropical portions ; and, 5, an. 

 Australasian. Further, of these (a) the first two [Arctogaean and Asiatic] have inti- 

 mate relations to each other, and (h) the last three others among themselves ; and some 

 weighty arguments may be adduced to support a division of the faunas of the globe 

 into two primary regions coinciding with the two combinations alluded to — (a) a Cw- 

 nogcea and (J)) an Eogcea, which might represent areas of derivation or gain from more 

 or less distant geological epochs." — Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., vol. xv, 1875, 

 pp. 254, 255. 



§ Monograph of Geometrid Moths, or PhaliBuidse, of the United States, pp. 567, 586, 

 1876. 



