OF THE TONGUES OF THE MAMMALIA. 141 



of ISTuhn is present. In the cat mucous glands predominate over 

 Ebner's glands. 



LyUa:—T\\Q lytta lies in the free part of the tongue close to 

 the apex. It is short, and thick or slender; and it is not of 

 much mechanical advantage. Oppel describes its histology, and 

 recapitulates the views of Codronchi, Casserius, and Cuvier as to 

 its nature. It has been described in the cat by Flower (10) and 

 by Ludwig, Prince of Bavaria (18). In Felis leo it is three- 

 quarters of an inch long and half an inch thick. 



The ventral surface of the tongue is plain. It has a well-marked 

 frenum, and there is frequently no trace of a ventral mesial 

 sulcus and ventral papillary zone. 



Section Cynoidea. 



The form of the tongue and the characters of the apex and 

 lateral borders are essentially similar to those in the ^Eluroidea. 

 But mesial dorsal sulci are sometimes well mai-ked. 



The circumvallate 2Ktpillce are arianged in converging lines which 

 do not meet in all specimens examined by myself and recorded b}^ 

 others. They are round or oval on plan, and cylindrical or conical 

 on elevation ; the fossa is usually well marked, and the vallum is 

 smooth, granular or lobulated. All papillfe may be equal in size, 

 or the members of a row" may vary. In some cases the papillae 

 are concealed by overhanging conical papillee. The number of 

 papillae in my specimens, and those in the Mviseum of the Royal 

 College of Surgeons are :— 



Cants familiar is : — One to six pairs. 



Ganis htp'us: — Two or three pairs. 



Canis cinereo-argentatus : — Five papillae, in two rows (31). 



Canis aureus: — One pair. 



Canis mesomelas and C. azarce : — Two pairs of papilla^. 



Canis tJious. C. occidentalis, C.juhaius:- — Three pairs of papillae. 



Vulpes vulpes, V. bengalejisis, V. leucopus, V. fulvus. Alopex 

 lagopus, Cyon dukhensis, Lyoaon cujyensis, and Nyctereutes pro- 

 cyonides : — Three pairs of papillae. 



As the number of papillae is variable in those species of which I 

 was enabled to examine several examples they are useless for 

 purposes of classification. 



The fangiform papillce may be very obvious, but they aie 

 usually minute, aiid it may be necessary to employ histological 

 examination to detect their presence. In a specimen of Vidj^es 

 leucopus I was unable to detect them at all. Thej'^ have the usual 

 ai-rangement, but the apical cluster is not prominent. Some are 

 present on the ventral papillary zone. Well-developed taste-buds 

 are present in Canis familiaris and Vidpes vidpes. Papillae 

 clava,t8e are absent. 



Conical Papillce : — No spinous patch is present. The papillae 

 have the usual arraiigement in rows and clusters, but those on 

 the oral part are much smaller than those on the pharyngeal 



